Aviation Glossary

2217 terms shown

• AAircraft (JAR-FCL License)
• AAirspace ICAO Class A
• AASAirport Advisory Serivce
• A/CAircraft NOTE: plural form of "aircraft" takes no "s": aircraft
• A/GAir/Ground (Air to ground and v.v.)
• ACARSAircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System
• ACASAirborne Collision Avoidance System
• ACCArea Control Center
• ACIAirport Council International
• ACTactive, activated, activation message
• ADAerodrome
• ADAirworthiness Directive
• ADBAirports Database
• ADFAutomatic Direction Finder
• ADCUSAdvise customs
• ADFAutomatic Direction Finder
• ADIZAir Defence Identification Zone
• ADLPAirborne Data Link Processor
• ADSAutomatic Dependent Surveillance
• ADS-AAutomatic Dependent Surveillance-Address
• ADS-BAutomatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast
• ADS-CAutomatic Dependent Surveillance-Contract
• AEAAssociation of European Airlines
• AECMAAssociation of European Aerospace Industries
• AFBAir Force Base
• A/FDAirport/Facility Directory
• AFISAerodrome Flight Information Service
• AFMAeroplane Flight Manual
• AFTNAeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network
• AGAAerodromes and Ground Aids (AIP)
• AGATEAdvanced General Aviation Transport Experiments (NASA)
• A/GAir/Ground Communications
• AGLAbove Ground Level
• AGLOArbeitsgruppe Luftraum-Organisation
• AICAeronautical Information Circular
• AIMATFM Information Message
• AIMAeronautical Information Manual (AIP in USA)
• AIPAeronautical Information Publication
• AIRACAeronautical Information Regulation and Control
• AIRMETAirman's Meterological Information
• AISAeronautical Information Service
• ALTTransponder switch position to activate altitude-reporting feature
• ALTNAlternate
• ALTPAirline Transport Pilot(s Licence)
• AMCAcceptable Means of Compliance
• AMCAirport Movement Control (Zurich)
• AMCAirspace Management Cell
• AMEAero Medical Examiner (FAA, JAA)
• AMEAircraft Maintenance Engineer (Australia)
• AMIEAIS Met Information Equipment (Swiss Computer Self Briefing System)
• AMSAero Medical Services
• AMSLAbove mean sea level
• ANMATFM Notification Message
• ANRAir Navigation Routes
• ANSActive Noise System
• ANSAir Navigation Services
• ANTAirspace Navigation Team (Eurocontrol)
• AOAircraft Operator
• AOPAAircraft Owners and Pilots Association
• AOWIRAircraft Operator What-If Reroute (CFMU/IFPS)
• APPApproach
• ARCIDAircraft Identification
• ARINC(former Aeronautical Radio Inc., now just) ARINC (Manufacturer/Standard Setter)
• ARNATS Route Network
• ARNSAeronautical Radio Navigation Services
• AROAir Traffic Services Reporting Office
• ARPAirport Reference Point
• ARRArrival
• ARTSAutomated Radar Terminal System
• ASAPAs soon as possible
• ASASAirborne Separation Assurance system
• ASOSAutomated Surface Observation System
• ASFAir Safety Foundation (AOPA-USA)
• ASMAir Space Management
• ASPHAsphalt Runway
• ATAActual Time of Arrival
• ATCAir Traffic Control
• ATCRBSAir Traffic Control Radar Beacon System
• ATCOAir Traffic Control Officer
• ATDActual Time of Departure
• ATEActual Time Enroute
• ATFMAir Traffic Flow Management
• ATIRAir Traffic Incident Report ("Near-Miss Report")
• ATISAutomatic Terminal Information Service
• ATMAir Traffic Management
• ATNAeronautical Telecommunication Network
• ATPLAirline Transport Pilot ('s Licence)
• ATSAir Traffic Services
• ATSPAir Traffic Service Provider
• AVGASAviation Gasoline (piston aircraft fuel)
• AWYAirway
• AWOSAutomated Weather Observing System
• BAirspace ICAO Class B
• BABLWBundesamt f‡r Betriebe der Luftwaffe
• BAZLBundesamt f‡r Zivilluftfahrt (Swiss CAA)
• BBJBoeing Business Jet
• BDYBoundary
• BEFBefore
• BFRBiennial Flight Review (USA)
• BFUB‡ro f‡r Flugunfalluntersuchungen
• BRNAVBasic RNAV (RNP-5 compliant)
• BSEBovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (or: mad cow desease)
• CAirspace ICAO Class C
• CCelsius (Centigrade)
• C(-Office)Crew Office (AIS/MET)
• CAACivil Aviation Authority (of a country)
• CASCalibrated Air Speed
• CASACivil Aviation Safety Agency (CAA in Australia)
• CASAComputer Assisted Slot Allocation
• CATCommercial Air Traffic
• CATCommercial Air Transport
• CATClear-Air Turbulence
• CAT IInstrument Landing Category I (similar: CAT II, CAT III)
• CARD IICNS Applications Research & Development
• CAVOKCeiling and Visibility ok (good VFR weather)
• CAVUCeiling And Visibility Unlimited
• CBCumulonimbus
• CBACost-Benefit Analysis
• CDClearance Delivery
• CDAContinuous Descent Approach
• CDICourse Deviation Indicator
• CDMCollaborative Decision-Making
• CDRConditional Route (FUA)
• CDTICockpit Display of Traffic Information
• CEACConfªrence Europªenne de l'Aviation Civile (see ECAC)
• CenterAir Route Traffic Control Center
• CFICertified Flight Instructor (USA)
• CFIICertified Flight Instructor IFR (USA)
• CFITControlled Flight Into Terrain
• CFMUCentral Flow Management Unit of Eurocontrol
• CGCenter of Gravity
• CHCompass Heading
• CHFSwiss Francs (Bankers' code)
• CIACFMU Internet Application
• CILOCapacity Increase LOwer airspace
• CIMICCivil Military Interface standing Committee
• CIVCivil
• CLRClearance, or cleared
• CLSDClosed
• CLNC DELClearance Delivery
• CNSCommunication Navigation Surveillance
• CNS/ATMCommunication Navigation Surveillance/Air Traffic Management
• CoA, CofACertificate of Airworthiness
• COMCommunications
• COPICo-Pilot
• CPDLCController-Pilot DataLink Capability, or Communications
• CPLCommercial Pilots Licence
• CRClass Rating
• CRAMConditional Route Availability Message
• CRCOCentral Route Charge Office of Eurocontrol
• CREClass Rating Examiner
• CRIClass Rating Instructor
• CRMCockpit Resource Management
• CRSConditional Route System (FUA: "Temporary Airways" on request)
• CTControl Tower
• CTAFCommon Traffic Advisory Frequency
• CTRControl Zone
• CUCumulus
• CUSTCustoms
• CVFRControlled VFR (still existing in some countries)
• CVRCockpit Voice Recorder
• DAirspace ICAO Class D
• DADecision Altitude
• DAPDownlink Aircraft Parameter (Mode S Transponder)
• dBDecibel
• DCDual Control
• DCADirectorate of Civil Aviation
• DCTdirect
• DEGDegrees
• DELDelay/delayed
• DEPDeparture Control
• DEVDeviation
• DFDirection Finding
• DFSDeutsche Flugsicherung AG
• DGDirector General (or: Direction Gªnªrale e.g. EU)
• DGDirectional Gyro (Gyro Compass)
• DGNSSDifferential GNSS
• DGPSDifferential GPS
• DGTrenDirectorate General Transport and Energy (EU)
• DHDecision Height
• DLADelay (Message of an ICAO FPL)
• DMEDistance Measuring Equipment
• DOFDate of Flight
• DUATDirect User Access Terminal (US Computer Self-Briefing system)
• EEast
• EAirspace ICAO Class E
• EAAExperimental Aircraft Association
• EADEuropean AIS Database
• EAGEuropean ATFM Advisory Group
• EANPGEuropean Air Navigation Planning Group (ICAO)
• EASEuropean Air Sports
• EASmeans equivalent airspeed.
• EASAEuropean Aviation Safety Authority (planned to replace JAA)
• EATCHIPEuropean Air Traffic Control Harmonization Implementation Project
• EATMSEuropean Air Traffic Management System
• EATMPEuropean Air Traffic Management Plan
• EBAAEuropean Business Aviation Association
• ECEuropean Commission
• ECACEuropean Civil Aviation Conference ("Association" of Europe's CAAs)
• ECOGASEuropean Council of General Aviation Support
• EETEstimated Elapsed Time
• EFATOEngine Failure At Take-Off (JAR-FCL)
• EFDPEuropean Flight Data Processing
• EFASEnroute Flight Advisory Service (Flight Watch)
• EFISElectronic Flight Instrumentation System
• EGNOSEuropean Geostationary Navigation Overlay System
• EHSEnhanced Surveillance (Mode S, 2nd step)
• ELACEnroute Low Altitude Chart
• ELBAEmergency Locator Beacon-Aircraft
• ELEVElevation
• ELTEmergency Locator Transmitter (crash-activated transmitter)
• ENPRMEurocontrol Notice of Proposed Rule Making
• EOBTEstimated off-block time
• EPEuropean Parliament
• ERAEuropean Regional Airlines Association
• ESAEuropean Space Agency
• ESCEconomic Social Committee
• ETAEstimated Time of Arrival
• ETDEstimated Time of Departure
• ETEEstimated Time Enroute
• ETFMSEnhanced Tactical Flow Management System
• ETSIEuropean Telecommunication Standardizatio Institute
• ETOPSExtended Range Twin-Engine Operations (or: Engines Turn Or Passengers Swim)
• EUEuropean Union
• EUAPAEuropean Union Airplane Pilots Association
• EUREuropean Region
• EUREuro (currency)
• EUROCAEEuropean Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment
• FAirspace ICAO Class F
• FFahrenheit
• FAArea Forecast (Meteo)
• FAAFederal Aviation Administration
• FADECFull Authority Digital Engine Control
• FAFFinal Approach Fix
• FAWPFinal Approach Waypoint
• FANSFuture Air Navigation System (an ICAO project group)
• FARsFederal Aviation Regulations (+Number)
• FBOFixed Base Operator
• FCCFederal Communications Commission (USA)
• FCLFlight Crew Licensing
• FCTFederal Control Tower
• FCMFlight Confirmation Message
• FDWinds and Temperature aloft Forecast
• FDRFlight Data Recorder
• FEFlight Examiner
• FIFlight Identity (Code) - (Mode S Transponder)
• FIFlight Instructor
• FICFlight Information Center
• FIEFlight Instructor Examiner
• FIOFlight Information Office
• FIRFlight Information Region
• FISFlight Information Service
• FFASFree Flight Air Space (Eurocontrol Definition)
• FLFlight Level, Altitude x100 = feet AMSL (FL 70 = 7000ft) at ISA
• FLOSFlight Level Orientation System
• FLTFlight
• FMFrequency Modulation
• FMDFlow Management Division (CFMU/Eurocontrol)
• FMPFlow Management Position (local Slot coordinator)
• FMSFlight Management System
• FNPTFlight Navigation and Procedure Trainer
• FOCAFederal Office for Civil Aviation (Swiss CAA - see BAZL)
• FPLFlight Plan (for ATC)
• fpmfeet per minute (vertical speed)
• FSDMFlight Statistical Development Management
• FSDOFlight Standard District Office (FAA USA)
• FSSFlight Service Station
• ftfeet (approx 0.3 Meters)
• FTDFlight Training Device (lower category "simulator")
• FTOFlight Training Organisation (Flight School)
• FUAFlexible Use of Airspace
• FVSFliegerische Vor-Schulung
• GAcceleration force unit (1G = Earth Gravity)
• GAirspace ICAO Class G
• GAGeneral Aviation (mainly private and business aviation)
• GA&AW GA/AWGeneral Aviation and Aerial Work (all non-commercial civil aviation)
• GACGeneral Aviation Center
• GAFORGeneral Aviation Forecast (Weather)
• GALGallons (usually US 3.78 liter, may be Imperial 4.54 liter)
• GAMAGeneral Aviation Manufacturers Association (USA)
• GATGeneral Aviation Terminal
• GATTGeneral Agreement on Trade and Taxes
• GBASGround Based Augmentation System (DGNSS/DGPS/LAAS)
• GCGround Control
• GCAGround Controlled Approach ("Talk-down")
• GCIGround Communication Infrastructure
• GENGeneral
• GENDECGeneral Declaration Customs Form see full size, download zipped form,
• GFTGeneral Flight Test (JAR-FCL)
• GHzGigahertz (1'000 MHz or 1'000'000'000 Hertz)
• GLDGlider
• GLONASSGlobal Orbitting Navigation Satellite System (Russian GNSS)
• GLSGPS Landing System
• GM-P10GM=Morocco, P10=Prohibited Area No. 10.
• GNDGround
• GNSSGlobal Navigation Satellite System (Satellite Navigation in General)
• GPAGroupe Parlementaire pour l'Aviation
• GPHGallons (US) per hour
• GPSGlobal Positioning System (USA GNSS), see also FAA GPS Product Team
• GPWSGround Proximity Warning System
• GSGround Speed
• GSCGlobal Signalling Channel (VDL-4)
• GSMGeneral Standard for Mobile Communication (Mobile phones)
• HHelicopter (JAR-FCL)
• HB-Swiss nationality marks for aircraft registration
• hPaHecto-Pascal. Unit to measure pressure (e.g. weather reports)
• HDGHeading
• HELHelicopter
• HFHigh Frequency
• HgMercury (Unit for pressure measurement inHg etc.)
• HIRLHigh Intensity Runway Lights
• HJOperating hours during daylight
• HMIHuman Machine Interface
• HOLHolidays (MON-TUE-WED-THU-FRI-SAT-SUN-HOL)
• HPHorsepower
• HQHeadquarters
• HSIHorizontal Situation Indicator
• HXOperating hours on request
• H24Operating 24 hours
• IACAInternational Air Charter Association
• IAFInitial Approach Fix
• IAOPAInternational Council of Aircraft Owner and Pilot Associations
• IAOPA-EURIAOPA European Region
• IASIndicated Air Speed
• IAS-TFBImplementation Air Space Task Force Group B (Eurocontrol)
• IATAInternational Air Transport Association
• IAWPInitial Approach Waypoint
• ICInterogator Codes (II and SI codes)
• ICAOInternational Civil Aviation Organization (a UN-Suborganisation)
• IDIdentification
• IFPSInitial Flightplan Processing System of Eurocontrol
• IFRInstrument Flight Rules ("all" weather operations rules)
• IG(al)Imperial Gallon (4,54 Liter)
• IIInterogator Identity (Code) - (Mode S Transponder)
• ILSInstrument Landing System
• IMInner Marker
• IMCInstrument Meteo Conditions (weather requiring IFR flight)
• ininch
• inHginches of Mercury (unit of pressure)
• INSIntertial Navigation System
• IPGIFR Procedure Group
• IPPLNational (ICAO) Private Pilots License (AOPA internal abbreviation)
• IRInstrument Rating
• IRInfra Red
• IREInstrument Rating Examiner
• ISAICAO Standard Atmosphere
• ISAInternational Standard Atmosphere ) Unclear which one is corrct!
• ITUInternational Telecommunication Union
• JAAJoint Aviation Authorities (CAA of Europe)
• JARJoint Aviation Recommendation (as used in some JAA documents, reported false!)
• JARJoint Aviation Regulation (as used in some JAA documents, reported false!)
• JARJoint Aviation Requirement
• JAR-1JAR on Definitions and abbreviations
• JAR-22JAR on Sailplanes and and Powered Sailplanes
• JAR-25JAR on Large Airplanes
• JAR-36JAR on Aircraft Noise
• JAR-145JAR on Approved Maintenance Organisations
• JAR-147JAR on Maintenance Training
• JAR-APUJAR on Auxiliary Power Units
• JAR-AWOJAR on All Weather Operations
• JAR-EJAR on Engines
• JAR-FCLJAR on Flight Crew Licensing
• JAR-MEDJAR on Medical
• JAR-PJAR on Propellers
• JAR-TSOJAR on Technical Standard Orders
• JAR-OPSJAR on Flight Operations
• JAR-VLAJAR on Very Light Aeroplanes
• JET-A1Jet Fuel type A1
• JPPLJAR-FCL Private Pilots License (AOPA internal abbreviation)
• JSAJoint Steering Assembly (JAA)
• JURGJoint User Requirement Group
• KAirspace Eurocontrol Project Class K (all traffic known)
• kHzKilohertz (1'000 Hertz)
• KIASknots indicated air speed
• KOSIFKoordinationsstelle f‡r Schiess-Informationen (Swiss MIL Shooting)
• KPIKey Performance Indicator
• kphKilometers per hour
• KTASknots true air speed
• kt(s)knots (1.852 km/h)
• LAASLocal Area Augmentation System
• LAHSOLand And Hold Short Operation (to cross intersecting runway)
• LATLatitude
• LBALuftfahrt-Bundes-Amt (German CAA)
• lbstPounds of static thrust
• LDALanding Distance Available
• LDGLanding
• LHLefthand
• LI-R5LI=Italy, R5=Restricted Area No. 5
• LIRLLow Intensity Runway Lights
• LLWASLow Level Wind Shear Alert System
• LLZLocalizer (approach system)
• LNAVLateral Navigation (GLS)
• LOCLocal, Location, Localizer
• LONGLongitude
• LORAN(-C)Long Range Navigation
• LSCLocal Signalling Channel (VDL-4)
• LS-D12LS=Switzerland, D12=Danger Area No. 12
• LTLocal Time
• MACMean Aerodynamic Chord
• MAHWPMissed Approach Holding Waypoint
• MAPMap section of AIP
• MASManaged Airspace (Eurocontrol Definition for ATM2000+)
• MAS UACMaastricht Upper Airspace Center
• MASPMinimum Aviation System Performance
• MATSEECAC Transport Ministers Meeting on the Air Traffic System in Europe
• MATZMilitary ATZ
• MAUWMaximum All-Up Weight
• MAWPMissed Approach Waypoint
• mbMillibar (replaced by hPa)
• MCIMobile Communication Infrastructure
• MCTRMilitary CTR
• MDMedical Doctor
• MDAMinimum Descent Altitude
• MEMulti Engine
• MEAMinimum Enroute Altitude
• MELMinimum Equipment List
• MELMulti-Engine Land
• MEPMember of Parliament
• MEPMulti Engine Piston
• METMeteo (office, report, service etc.)
• METARMeteorological Actual Report (current weather)
• MHMagnetic Heading
• MHzMegahertz (1'000 kHz)
• MILMilitary
• MLSMicrowave Landing System
• MLWMaximum Landing Weight
• MMMiddle Marker
• MMRMulti-Mode Receiver
• MNPSMinimum Navigation Performance Specifications
• MOCAMinimum Obstacle Clearance Altitude
• MODModerate
• MOGASMotor Gasoline (Auto-Gas)
• MONMotor Octane Number (aviation fuel rating)
• MONMonday (MON-TUE-WED-THU-FRI-SAT-SUN-HOL)
• MOPSMinimum Operation Performance Standards
• MOTMinistry of Transport
• MPMulti-Pilot
• MPAMulti-Pilot Aeroplane
• MPHMulti-Pilot Helicopter
• mphMiles per hour (statute miles, 1.609 km/h)
• MRVAMinimum Radar Vector Altitude
• MRWMaximum Ramp Weight
• MSAMinimum Safe Altitude
• MSGMessage
• MSLMean Sea Level
• MTMagnetic Track
• MTOMMaximum Take-Off Mass
• MTOWMaximum Take-Off Weight
• MVAMinimum Vectoring Altitude
• MZFWMaximum Zero-Fuel Weight
• M$Megadollars (1'000'000 US dollars)
• NAirspace Eurocontrol project Class N (managed traffic only)
• NNorth
• n/anot available or not applicable
• N(....)Country identifier for aircraft registered in USA
• NAANational Aviation Authority (generic term within JAA)
• NASANational Aeronautics and Space Agency (USA)
• NATNorth Atlantic
• NATSNational Air Traffic Service (UK)
• NavaidNavigation Aid (Ground Radio Station for Navigation)
• NAVNavigation
• NDBNon Directional Beacon
• NEANNorth European ADS-B Network
• NELSNorthwest Europe Loran Steering Committee
• NIMBY"Not In My Back-Yard"-Syndrome: "We need an airport but not here"
• NILNothing, no information
• NM, nmiNautical Mile (1.852 km)
• NOSARNo Search and Rescue required (Australia)
• NOTAMNotice to Airmen
• NOTARNo Tail Rotor
• NPANotice of Proposed Ammendment (JAR)
• NPONon-Profit Organisation
• NPPLNational (ICAO) Private Pilots License (AOPA internally used: IPPL)
• NPRMNotice of Proposed Rule-Making (USA)
• NTSBNational Transport Safety Board (USA)
• NVFRNight VFR
• NWNorth-west
• O/Ron request
• OACIOrganisation de l'Aviation Civile Internationale (voir ICAO)
• OATOutside Air Temperature
• OBSOmni Bearing Selector (VOR)
• OBSTObstacle, obstruction
• OCDOperational Concept Document
• ODIACOperational Development of Initial Air/ground Data Communications
• ODTOperational Requirements and Data Processing Systems Team
• OFACOffice Fªdªrale de l'Aviation Civile (Swiss CAA - voir BAZL)
• OMOuter Marker
• OMSOuter Marker Substitute (sort of a virtual OM)
• ONCOperational Navigation Chart
• OPSOperations (or Operating hours)
• p/pper person, per passenger
• PAPIPrecision Approach Path Indicator
• PARPrecision Approach Radar
• PARTPressure Altitude Reporting Transponder
• PAXPassenger(s)
• PCLPilot Controlled Lighting (RWY Lights operated by Microphone)
• PETALPreliminary Eurocontrol Trial Air/ground Data Link
• PGLParlamentarische Gruppe f‡r Luftfahrt
• PiCPilot in Command
• PIREPPilot (weather) Report
• PNRPrior Notice Required
• POBPersons on Board
• PP(L)Private Pilots Licence (general)
• PPL APrivate Pilots Licence Aeroplane
• PPL HPrivate Pilots Licence Helicopter
• PPL/IRAssociation of PPL holders with Instrument Rating
• ppmParts Per Million
• PPMPossible Pricing Mechanism (Eurocontrol)
• PPOPrior Permission Only
• PPRPrior Permission Required
• PRCPerformance Review Commission (Eurocontrol)
• PRKPhoto Refractory Keratomy (eye surgery)
• PRNAVPrecision RNAV (RNP-1 or less compliant)
• PSGProgram Steering Group
• PSIPounds per square inch
• PSIAPlan Sectoriel d'Infrastructure AÃronautique
• PTProcedure Turn
• PVTprivate
• QDR(Q-Code) for Homing Track from a Station
• QDM(Q-Code) for Homing Track to a Station
• QGO(Q-Code) for Airport Closed
• QFE(Q-Code) for Air Pressure in hPa on Ground (airport elevation)
• QNH(Q-Code) for Air Pressure in hPa calculated to MSL
• QUAMGOQuasi-Monopoly Government Organisation
• RRating
• R&DResearch and Development
• RAResolution Advisory (TCAS)
• RAFRoyal Air Force
• RAIMReceiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring
• RBRelative Bearing (NAV)
• RBASReceiver Based Augmentation System (DGNSS/DGPS)
• RCARecommended Crossing Altitude
• RCARemote Client Application (CFMU)
• REAReady Message
• REILRunway End Identifier Lights
• RFRadio Frequency
• RFRegistered Facility ("national" flight school as per JAR-FCL)
• RFIRequest For Improvement Message (slot)
• RFPReglement ‡ber die Ausweise f‡r das Flugpersonal
• RHRighthand
• RIARegulatory Impact Assessment
• RMRegional Meeting
• RMIRadio Magnetic Indicator
• RMKRemark(s)
• RNAVArea Navigation
• RNPRadio Navigation Plan
• RNPRequired Navigation Performance
• RNP-naccuracy of +/- n NM during 95% of flight must be maintained
• RNSSRadio Navigation Satellite Services
• ROCRate of Climb
• RONResearch Octane Number (Auto fuel rating)
• RONRemain Over Night
• RPLRepetitive Flight Plan
• RPMRevolutions per Minute
• RPNRªglement pour le Personnel Navigant
• RPPLRestricted PPL
• RSORoute per State Overflown
• RTCA(formerly) Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics, now RTCA Inc.
• RT(F), R/TRadio Telephony
• RTARemote Terminal Access (CFMU)
• RUSCRVSM User Support Cell
• RVRRunway Visual Range
• RVSMReduced Vertical Separation Minima (1000ft above FL 290)
• RW, RWYRunway
• RxTxReceiver-Transmitter
• s/nserial number
• SARSearch and Rescue
• SARPStandards And Recommended Practices (usually "Sarps" =plural form)
• SATSaturday (MON-TUE-WED-THU-FRI-SAT-SUN-HOL)
• SATSatellite ...
• SATNAVSatellite Navigation (generic)
• SBService Bulletin
• SBASSpace Based Augmentation System (DGNSS/DGPS/WAAS/EGNOS)
• SCStratocumulus
• SESingle-Engine
• SELSingle-Engine Land
• SEPSingle-Engine Piston
• SFCSurface
• SFESynthetic Flight Examiner
• SGSub-Group (of Eurocontrol Working Groups)
• SISurveillance Identity (Code) - (Mode S Transponder)
• SIDStandard Instrument Departure
• SIGMETSignificant Meteo (hazardous weather warning)
• SIMSimulator
• SILSachplan Infrastruktur Luftfahrt
• SIPSlot Improvement Proposal Message
• SIROSimultaneous Intersecting Runway Operation
• SITASociªtª Internationale de Tªlªcommunication Aªronautique
• SLSea Level
• SLPSpeed Limit Point
• SMStatute Mile (1.609 km -
• SMESmall and Medium Enterprises
• SMELSingle/Multi Engine Land
• SMGCSSurface Movement Guidance and Control System
• SMMSlot Missed Message
• SMSShort Message System (Mobile Telephone Feature)
• SPSingle Pilot
• SPASingle Pilot Aeroplane
• SPASlot Improvement Proposal Acceptance Message
• SPECISpecial Report (Meteo)
• SPHSingle Pilot Helicopter
• SPICStudent Pilot in Command (JAR-FCL)
• SRSunrise
• SRJSlot Improvement Proposal Rejection Message
• SRRSlot Revision Request Message
• SRSStandard Routing Scheme (ARN)
• SSSunset
• SSTSlot Start Time
• SSTSuper Sonic Transport
• STAScheduled Time of Arrival
• STARStandard Arrival
• STCSupplemental Type Certificate
• STDScheduled Time of Departure
• STDSynthetic Training Device
• STDMASelf-Organizing Time Division Multiple Access (VDL)
• SUNSunday (MON-TUE-WED-THU-FRI-SAT-SUN-HOL)
• SVFRSpecial VFR
• SWCSignificant Weather Chart
• SWMSIP Wanted Message
• t / Ttonne
• t/otake-off
• TATransition Altitude
• TACANTactical Air Navigation
• TACTTactical System (CFMU)
• TAFTerminal Area Forecast (weather forecast)
• TASTrue Air Speed
• TBOTime between overhaul
• TCTrue Course
• TCHThreshold Crossing Height
• TDMATime Division Multiple Access (VDL)
• TFTask Force
• TGLTechnical Guidance Leaflet (JAA)
• THTrue Heading
• THRThreshold
• TIS-BTraffic Information System - Broadcast
• TKOFTake-Off
• TLSTransponder Landing System
• TMATerminal (Control) Area
• TMGTouring Motor Glider
• TNCTactical Navigation Chart
• TPIATransition Plan for Implementation of Airspace Strateby
• TPCTactical Piloting Chart
• TSMOTime since major overhaul
• TSOTechnical Standard Order
• TRType Rating
• TREType Rating Examiner
• TRIType Rating Instructor
• TRTOType Rating Training Organisation
• TTTotal Time (since new or since ...)
• TTTrue Track
• TWRTower (Control Tower)
• UAirspace Eurocontrol project Class U (unknown traffic)
• u/sunserviceable
• UATUniversal Access Transceiver
• UAVUnmanned (or Uninhabited) Aeronautical (or Aerial) Vehicle
• UFNUntil Further Notice
• UFOUnidentified Flying Object
• UHFUltra High Frequencies (300 MHz-30 GHz)
• UL, ULMUltralight, Ultra-lªger motorisª
• UMASUnmanaged Air Space (Eurocontrol Definition)
• URBUser Relations Bureau (CFMU)
• USAFUS Air Force
• USG(al)US-Gallon (3.78 Liter)
• UTCUniversal Time Coordinated
• VSpeeds (see box for details)
• VALVisual Approach and Landing (Chart)
• VARVariation
• VASIVisual Approach Slope Indicator
• VATValue Added Tax
• VDLVHF Data Link (-n = type n)
• VFRVisual Flight Rules ("good" weather operations rules)
• VHFVery High Frequency (30-300 MHz)
• VISVisual, Visibility
• VJAR-FCLVerordnung JAR-FCL (JAR-FCL transformed to Swiss Law)
• VLAVery Light Aircraft (Aircraft certification category)
• VLAVery Large Aircraft (NATO description for future transport aircraft)
• VMCVisual Meteo Conditions ("good" weather for VFR or IFR)
• VNAVVertical Navigation (GLS)
• VORVHF Omnidirectional Radio-Range
• VORTACVOR/TACAN Station (combined)
• VOR/DMECombined VOR and DME radio station
• WA(IAOPA) World Assembly
• WAASWide Area Augmentation System
• WCAWind Correction Angle
• WGS-84World Geodetic System of 1984
• WIPWork in Progress
• WMOWorld Meteorological Organisation
• WP, WPTWaypoint
• WWII2nd World War
• WXWeather
• XPDRTransponder. Radar-enhancement/datalink box for ATC purposes.
• Y2kYear-2000 (computer date problem)
• ZZulu Time (=UTC)
• 4D (NAV)4-Dimensional Navigation (LONG LAT ALT TIME)
• 406 MHzEmergency Locater Beacon (or Transmitter) on 406 MHz Frequency
• 8.33 (kHz)Communication Frequences with 8.33 kHz channel spacing
• 80/87AVGAS of 80 (best mixture)/87 octane (full rich mixture)
• 82ULAVGAS of 82 (best mixture) octane (approx 90 octane full rich) unleaded
• 91/96ULAVGAS of 91 (best mixture)/96 octane (full rich mixture) unleaded
• 100/130AVGAS of 100 (best mixture)/130 octane (full rich mixture)
• 100LLAVGAS of 100 (best mixture)/130 octane (full rich) low lead (=most used)
• 5 by 5Five by five is an expression used in aviation (and maybe other) radio communication to indicate the quality and loudness of received voice transmissions. Rated one to five indicates - first figure - clearness and - second - loudness. Five by five means that a transmission is received clear and loud (in clear words usually loud and clear is used...). One by one, on the other hand, means it can hardly be heard and is not understandable. If you have a loud but distorted transmission, you may hear two by five, and a weak but clearly understandable one may be called five by three... The definition of this must be included somewhere in a radiotelephony document of ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organisation)
• IPAI/DSIdentification-Posistion-Altitude-Intentions or Destination-Squawk
• MOAMilitary Operations Area
• HIWASHazardous Inflight Weather Advisory Service
• MRAMinimum Reception Area
• MTRMilitary Training Route
• MulticomNongovernment air-to-air radio communicaton frequency
• NFNon-Federal Control Tower
• NFCTNon-Federal Control Tower
• RAPCONRadar Approach Control (military)
• RCORemote Communications Outlet
• RDT&EResearch, Development, Testing and Evaluation
• SBYStandby (a transponder switch posistion)
• SFARSpecial Federal Aviation Regulation
• TWEBTranscribed Weather Broadcast
• XFSSAuxiliary Flight Service Station
• WilcoWill Comply
• ZULUUTC time frequency cites as ___ Zulu Time
• SUASpecial VFR rules and operations
• AAI(See ARRIVAL AIRCRAFT INTERVAL.)
• AAR(See AIRPORT ARRIVAL RATE.)
• ABBREVIATED IFR FLIGHT PLANS An authorization by ATC requiring pilots to submit only that information needed forthe purpose of ATC. It includes only a small portion of the usual IFR flight plan information. In certain instances, this may beonly aircraft identification, location, and pilot request. Other information may be requested if needed by ATC forseparation/control purposes. It is frequently used by aircraft which are airborne and desire an instrument approach or by aircraftwhich are on the ground and desire a climb to VFR-on-top. (See VFR-ON-TOP.) (Refer to AIM.)
• ABEAMAn aircraft is "abeam" a fix, point, or object when that fix, point, or object is approximately 90 degrees to the right orleft of the aircraft track. Abeam indicates a general position rather than a precise point.
• ABORTTo terminate a preplanned aircraft maneuver; e.g., an aborted takeoff.
• ACC [ICAO](See ICAO term AREA CONTROL CENTER.)
• ACCELERATE-STOP DISTANCE AVAILABLE The runway plus stopway length declared available and suitable for theacceleration and deceleration of an airplane aborting a takeoff.
• ACCELERATE-STOP DISTANCE AVAILABLE [ICAO] The length of the take-off run available plus the length of thestopway if provided.
• ACDO(See AIR CARRIER DISTRICT OFFICE.)
• ACKNOWLEDGE Let me know that you have received my message. (See ICAO term ACKNOWLEDGE.)
• ACKNOWLEDGE [ICAO] Let me know that you have received and understood this message.
• ACL(See AIRCRAFT LIST.)
• ACLS(See AUTOMATIC CARRIER LANDING SYSTEM.)
• ACLT(See ACTUAL CALCULATED LANDING TIME.)
• ACROBATIC FLIGHT An intentional maneuver involving an abrupt change in an aircraft's attitude, an abnormal attitude, orabnormal acceleration not necessary for normal flight. (Refer to Part 91.) (See ICAO term ACROBATIC FLIGHT.)
• ACROBATIC FLIGHT [ICAO] Maneuvers intentionally performed by an aircraft involving an abrupt change in its attitude, anabnormal attitude, or an abnormal variation in speed.
• ACTIVE RUNWAY(See RUNWAY IN USE/ACTIVE RUNWAY/DUTY RUNWAY.)
• ACTUAL CALCULATED LANDING TIME ACLT is a flight's frozen calculated landing time. An actual time determined atfreeze calculated landing time (FCLT) or meter list display interval (MLDI) for the adapted vertex for each arrival aircraft basedupon runway configuration, airport acceptance rate, airport arrival delay period, and other metered arrival aircraft. This time iseither the vertex time of arrival (VTA) of the aircraft or the tentative calculated landing time (TCLT)/ACLT of the previousaircraft plus the arrival aircraft interval (AAI), whichever is later. This time will not be updated in response to the aircraft'sprogress.
• ACTUAL NAVIGATION PERFORMANCE (ANP)(See REQUIRED NAVIGATION PERFORMANCE.)
• ADDITIONAL SERVICES Advisory information provided by ATC which includes but is not limited to the following: a. Traffic advisories. b. Vectors, when requested by the pilot, to assist aircraft receiving traffic advisories to avoid observed traffic. c. Altitude deviation information of 300 feet or more from an assigned altitude as observed on a verified(reading correctly) automatic altitude readout (Mode C.) d. Advisories that traffic is no longer a factor. e. Weather and chaff information. f. Weather assistance. g. Bird activity information. h. Holding pattern surveillance. Additional services are provided to the extent possible contingent only uponthe controller's capability to fit them into the performance of higher priority duties and on the basis oflimitations of the radar, volume of traffic, frequency congestion, and controller workload. The controller hascomplete discretion for determining if he/she is able to provide or continue to provide a service in a particularcase. The controller's reason not to provide or continue to provide a service in a particular case is not subject toquestion by the pilot and need not be made known to him/her. (See TRAFFIC ADVISORIES.) (Refer to AIM.)
• ADF(See AUTOMATIC DIRECTION FINDER.)
• ADIZ(See AIR DEFENSE IDENTIFICATION ZONE.)
• ADLY(See ARRIVAL DELAY.)
• ADMINISTRATOR The Federal Aviation Administrator or any person to whom he/she has delegated his/her authority in thematter concerned.
• ADR(See AIRPORT DEPARTURE RATE.)
• ADVISE INTENTIONS Tell me what you plan to do.
• ADVISORY Advice and information provided to assist pilots in the safe conduct of flight and aircraft movement. (See ADVISORY SERVICE.)
• ADVISORY FREQUENCY The appropriate frequency to be used for Airport Advisory Service. (See LOCAL AIRPORT ADVISORY.) (See UNICOM.) (Refer to ADVISORY CIRCULAR NO. 90-42.) (Refer to AIM.)
• ADVISORY SERVICEAdvice and information provided by a facility to assist pilots in the safe conduct of flight and aircraftmovement. (See LOCAL AIRPORT ADVISORY.) (See TRAFFIC ADVISORIES.) (See SAFETY ALERT.) (See ADDITIONAL SERVICES.) (See RADAR ADVISORY.) (See EN ROUTE FLIGHT ADVISORY SERVICE.) (Refer to AIM.)
• AERIAL REFUELINGA procedure used by the military to transfer fuel from one aircraft to another during flight. (Refer to VFR/IFR Wall Planning Charts.)
• AERODROME A defined area on land or water (including any buildings, installations and equipment) intended to be usedeither wholly or in part for the arrival, departure, and movement of aircraft.
• AERODROME BEACON [ICAO] Aeronautical beacon used to indicate the location of an aerodrome from the air.
• AERODROME CONTROL SERVICE [ICAO] Air traffic control service for aerodrome traffic.
• AERODROME CONTROL TOWER [ICAO] A unit established to provide air traffic control service to aerodrome traffic.
• AERODROME ELEVATION [ICAO] The elevation of the highest point of the landing area.
• AERODROME TRAFFIC CIRCUIT [ICAO] The specified path to be flown by aircraft operating in the vicinity of anaerodrome.
• AERONAUTICAL BEACON A visual NAVAID displaying flashes of white and/or colored light to indicate the location of anairport, a heliport, a landmark, a certain point of a Federal airway in mountainous terrain, or an obstruction. (See AIRPORT ROTATING BEACON.) (Refer to AIM.)
• AERONAUTICAL CHART A map used in air navigation containing all or part of the following: topographic features, hazardsand obstructions, navigation aids, navigation routes, designated airspace, and airports. Commonly used aeronautical charts are: a. Sectional Aeronautical Charts (1:500,000)- Designed for visual navigation of slow or medium speed aircraft.Topographic information on these charts features the portrayal of relief and a judicious selection of visualcheck points for VFR flight. Aeronautical information includes visual and radio aids to navigation, airports,controlled airspace, restricted areas, obstructions, and related data. b. VFR Terminal Area Charts (1:250,000)- Depict Class B airspace which provides for the control orsegregation of all the aircraft within Class B airspace. The chart depicts topographic information andaeronautical information which includes visual and radio aids to navigation, airports, controlled airspace,restricted areas, obstructions, and related data. c. World Aeronautical Charts (WAC) (1:1,000,000)- Provide a standard series of aeronautical charts coveringland areas of the world at a size and scale convenient for navigation by moderate speed aircraft. Topographicinformation includes cities and towns, principal roads, railroads, distinctive landmarks, drainage, and relief.Aeronautical information includes visual and radio aids to navigation, airports, airways, restricted areas,obstructions, and other pertinent data. d. En Route Low Altitude Charts- Provide aeronautical information for en route instrument navigation (IFR) inthe low altitude stratum. Information includes the portrayal of airways, limits of controlled airspace, positionidentification and frequencies of radio aids, selected airports, minimum en route and minimum obstructionclearance altitudes, airway distances, reporting points, restricted areas, and related data. Area charts, which are apart of this series, furnish terminal data at a larger scale in congested areas. e. En Route High Altitude Charts- Provide aeronautical information for en route instrument navigation (IFR) inthe high altitude stratum. Information includes the portrayal of jet routes, identification and frequencies ofradio aids, selected airports, distances, time zones, special use airspace, and related information. f. Instrument Approach Procedures (IAP) Charts- Portray the aeronautical data which is required to execute aninstrument approach to an airport. These charts depict the procedures, including all related data, and the airportdiagram. Each procedure is designated for use with a specific type of electronic navigation system includingNDB, TACAN, VOR, ILS/MLS, and RNAV. These charts are identified by the type of navigational aid(s)which provide final approach guidance. g. Instrument Departure Procedure (DP) Charts- Designed to expedite clearance delivery and to facilitatetransition between takeoff and en route operations. Each DP is presented as a separate chart and may serve asingle airport or more than one airport in a given geographical location. h. Standard Terminal Arrival (STAR) Charts- Designed to expedite air traffic control arrival procedures and tofacilitate transition between en route and instrument approach operations. Each STAR procedure is presentedas a separate chart and may serve a single airport or more than one airport in a given geographical location. i. Airport Taxi Charts- Designed to expedite the efficient and safe flow of ground traffic at an airport. Thesecharts are identified by the official airport name; e.g., Washington National Airport. (See ICAO term AERONAUTICAL CHART.)
• AERONAUTICAL CHART [ICAO] A representation of a portion of the earth, its culture and relief, specifically designated tomeet the requirements of air navigation.
• AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION MANUAL A primary FAA publication whose purpose is to instruct airmen aboutoperating in the National Airspace System of the U.S. It provides basic flight information, ATC Procedures and generalinstructional information concerning health, medical facts, factors affecting flight safety, accident and hazard reporting, andtypes of aeronautical charts and their use.
• AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION PUBLICATION [AIP] [ICAO] A publication issued by or with the authority of a Stateand containing aeronautical information of a lasting character essential to air navigation.
• A/FD(See AIRPORT/FACILITY DIRECTORY.)
• AFFIRMATIVEYes.
• AIM(See AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION MANUAL.)
• AIP [ICAO](See AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION PUBLICATION.)
• AIRBORNE DELAY Amount of delay to be encountered in airborne holding.
• AIR CARRIER DISTRICT OFFICE An FAA field office serving an assigned geographical area, staffed with Flight Standardspersonnel serving the aviation industry and the general public on matters related to the certification and operation of scheduledair carriers and other large aircraft operations.
• AIRCRAFT Device(s) that are used or intended to be used for flight in the air, and when used in air traffic control terminology,may include the flight crew. (See ICAO term AIRCRAFT.)
• AIRCRAFT [ICAO] Any machine that can derive support in the atmosphere from the reactions of the air other than thereactions of the air against the earth's surface.
• AIRCRAFT APPROACH CATEGORY A grouping of aircraft based on a speed of 1.3 times the stall speed in the landingconfiguration at maximum gross landing weight. An aircraft shall fit in only one category. If it is necessary to maneuver atspeeds in excess of the upper limit of a speed range for a category, the minimums for the next higher category should be used.For example, an aircraft which falls in Category A, but is circling to land at a speed in excess of 91 knots, should use theapproach Category B minimums when circling to land. The categories are as follows: a. Category A- Speed less than 91 knots. b. Category B- Speed 91 knots or more but less than 121 knots. c. Category C- Speed 121 knots or more but less than 141 knots. d. Category D - Speed 141 knots or more but less than 166 knots. e. Category E- Speed 166 knots or more. (Refer to Part 97.)
• AIRCRAFT CLASSES For the purposes of Wake Turbulence Separation Minima, ATC classifies aircraft as Heavy, Large,and Small as follows: a. Heavy- Aircraft capable of takeoff weights of more than 255,000 pounds whether or not they are operatingat this weight during a particular phase of flight. b. Large- Aircraft of more than 41,000 pounds, maximum certificated takeoff weight, up to 255,000 pounds. c. Small- Aircraft of 41,000 pounds or less maximum certificated takeoff weight. (Refer to AIM.)
• AIRCRAFT CONFLICT Predicted conflict, within URET CCLD, of two aircraft, or between aircraft and airspace. A Red alertis used for conflicts when the predicted minimum separation is 5 nautical miles or less. A Yellow alert is used when thepredicted minimum separation is between 5 and approximately 12 nautical miles. A Blue alert is used for conflicts between anaircraft and predefined airspace. (See USER REQUEST EVALUATION TOOL CORE CAPABILITY LIMITED DEPLOYMENT.)
• AIRCRAFT LIST (ACL) A view available with URET CCLD that lists aircraft currently in or predicted to be in a particularsector's airspace. The view contains textual flight data information in line format and may be sorted into various orders based onthe specific needs of the sector team. (See USER REQUEST EVALUATION TOOL CORE CAPABILITY LIMITED DEPLOYMENT.)
• AIRCRAFT SURGE LAUNCH AND RECOVERY Procedures used at USAF bases to provide increased launch andrecovery rates in instrument flight rules conditions. ASLAR is based on: a. Reduced separation between aircraft which is based on time or distance. Standard arrival separation appliesbetween participants including multiple flights until the DRAG point. The DRAG point is a published locationon an ASLAR approach where aircraft landing second in a formation slows to a predetermined airspeed. TheDRAG point is the reference point at which MARSA applies as expanding elements effect separation within aflight or between subsequent participating flights. b. ASLAR procedures shall be covered in a Letter of Agreement between the responsible USAF military ATCfacility and the concerned Federal Aviation Administration facility. Initial Approach Fix spacing requirementsare normally addressed as a minimum.
• AIR DEFENSE EMERGENCY A military emergency condition declared by a designated authority. This condition existswhen an attack upon the continental U.S., Alaska, Canada, or U.S. installations in Greenland by hostile aircraft or missiles isconsidered probable, is imminent, or is taking place. (Refer to AIM.)
• AIR DEFENSE IDENTIFICATION ZONE The area of airspace over land or water, extending upward from the surface,within which the ready identification, the location, and the control of aircraft are required in the interest of national security. a. Domestic Air Defense Identification Zone. An ADIZ within the United States along an internationalboundary of the United States. b. Coastal Air Defense Identification Zone. An ADIZ over the coastal waters of the United States. c. Distant Early Warning Identification Zone (DEWIZ.) An ADIZ over the coastal waters of the State of Alaska. ADIZ locations and operating and flight plan requirements for civil aircraft operations are specified in FARPart 99. (Refer to AIM.)
• AIRMAN'S METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION(See AIRMET.)
• AIRMET In-flight weather advisories issued only to amend the area forecast concerning weather phenomena which are ofoperational interest to all aircraft and potentially hazardous to aircraft having limited capability because of lack of equipment,instrumentation, or pilot qualifications. AIRMET's concern weather of less severity than that covered by SIGMET's orConvective SIGMET's. AIRMET's cover moderate icing, moderate turbulence, sustained winds of 30 knots or more at thesurface, widespread areas of ceilings less than 1,000 feet and/or visibility less than 3 miles, and extensive mountainobscurement. (See AWW.) (See SIGMET.) (See CONVECTIVE SIGMET.) (See CWA.) (Refer to AIM.)
• AIR NAVIGATION FACILITY Any facility used in, available for use in, or designed for use in, aid of air navigation, includinglanding areas, lights, any apparatus or equipment for disseminating weather information, for signaling, for radio-directionalfinding, or for radio or other electrical communication, and any other structure or mechanism having a similar purpose forguiding or controlling flight in the air or the landing and take-off of aircraft. (See NAVIGATIONAL AID.)
• AIRPORT An area on land or water that is used or intended to be used for the landing and takeoff of aircraft and includes itsbuildings and facilities, if any.
• AIRPORT ADVISORY AREA The area within ten miles of an airport without a control tower or where the tower is not inoperation, and on which a Flight Service Station is located. (See LOCAL AIRPORT ADVISORY.) (Refer to AIM.)
• AIRPORT ARRIVAL RATE (AAR) A dynamic input parameter specifying the number of arriving aircraft which an airport orairspace can accept from the ARTCC per hour. The AAR is used to calculate the desired interval between successive arrivalaircraft.
• AIRPORT DEPARTURE RATE (ADR) A dynamic parameter specifying the number of aircraft which can depart an airportand the airspace can accept per hour.
• AIRPORT ELEVATION The highest point of an airport's usable runways measured in feet from mean sea level. (See TOUCHDOWN ZONE ELEVATION.) (See ICAO term AERODROME ELEVATION.)
• AIRPORT/FACILITY DIRECTORY A publication designed primarily as a pilot's operational manual containing all airports,seaplane bases, and heliports open to the public including communications data, navigational facilities, and certain specialnotices and procedures. This publication is issued in seven volumes according to geographical area.
• AIRPORT INFORMATION AID(See AIRPORT INFORMATION DESK.)
• AIRPORT INFORMATION DESK An airport unmanned facility designed for pilot self-service briefing, flight planning, andfiling of flight plans. (Refer to AIM.)
• AIRPORT LIGHTING Various lighting aids that may be installed on an airport. Types of airport lighting include: a. Approach Light System (ALS) - An airport lighting facility which provides visual guidance to landingaircraft by radiating light beams in a directional pattern by which the pilot aligns the aircraft with the extendedcenterline of the runway on his final approach for landing. Condenser-Discharge Sequential FlashingLights/Sequenced Flashing Lights may be installed in conjunction with the ALS at some airports. Types ofApproach Light Systems are: 1. ALSF-1- Approach Light System with Sequenced Flashing Lights in ILS Cat-I configuration. 2. ALSF-2- Approach Light System with Sequenced Flashing Lights in ILS Cat-II configuration. The ALSF-2 may operate as an SSALR when weather conditions permit. 3. SSALF- Simplified Short Approach Light System with Sequenced Flashing Lights. 4. SSALR- Simplified Short Approach Light System with Runway Alignment Indicator Lights. 5. MALSF- Medium Intensity Approach Light System with Sequenced Flashing Lights. 6. MALSR- Medium Intensity Approach Light System with Runway Alignment Indicator Lights. 7. LDIN- Lead-in-light system- Consists of one or more series of flashing lights installed at or near ground level that provides positive visual guidance along an approach path, either curving or straight, where special problems exist with hazardous terrain, obstructions, or noise abatement procedures. 8. RAIL- Runway Alignment Indicator Lights- Sequenced Flashing Lights which are installed only in combination with other light systems. 9. ODALS- Omnidirectional Approach Lighting System consists of seven omnidirectional flashing lights located in the approach area of a nonprecision runway. Five lights are located on the runway centerline extended with the first light located 300 feet from the threshold and extending at equal intervals up to 1,500 feet from the threshold. The other two lights are located, one on each side of the runway threshold, at a lateral distance of 40 feet from the runway edge, or 75 feet from the runway edge when installed on a runway equipped with a VASI. (Refer to FAAO 6850.2, VISUAL GUIDANCE LIGHTING SYSTEMS.) b. Runway Lights/Runway Edge Lights- Lights having a prescribed angle of emission used to define thelateral limits of a runway. Runway lights are uniformly spaced at intervals of approximately 200 feet, and theintensity may be controlled or preset. c. Touchdown Zone Lighting- Two rows of transverse light bars located symmetrically about the runwaycenterline normally at 100 foot intervals. The basic system extends 3,000 feet along the runway. d. Runway Centerline Lighting- Flush centerline lights spaced at 50-foot intervals beginning 75 feet from thelanding threshold and extending to within 75 feet of the opposite end of the runway. e. Threshold Lights- Fixed green lights arranged symmetrically left and right of the runway centerline,identifying the runway threshold. f. Runway End Identifier Lights (REIL)- Two synchronized flashing lights, one on each side of the runwaythreshold, which provide rapid and positive identification of the approach end of a particular runway. g. Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI)- An airport lighting facility providing vertical visual approachslope guidance to aircraft during approach to landing by radiating a directional pattern of high intensity red andwhite focused light beams which indicate to the pilot that he is "on path" if he sees red/white, "above path" ifwhite/white, and "below path" if red/red. Some airports serving large aircraft have three-bar VASI's whichprovide two visual glide paths to the same runway. h. Boundary Lights- Lights defining the perimeter of an airport or landing area. (Refer to AIM.) AIRPORT MARKING AIDS- Markings used on runway and taxiway surfaces to identify a specific runway, a runwaythreshold, a centerline, a hold line, etc. A runway should be marked in accordance with its present usage such as: a. Visual. b. Nonprecision instrument. c. Precision instrument. (Refer to AIM.)
• AIRPORT MOVEMENT AREA SAFETY SYSTEM (AMASS) A software enhancement to ASDE radar which provides logicpredicting the path of aircraft landing and/or departing, and aircraft and/or vehicular movements on runways. Visual and auralalarms are activated when logic projects a potential collision.
• AIRPORT REFERENCE POINT (ARP) The approximate geometric center of all usable runway surfaces.
• AIRPORT RESERVATION OFFICE Office responsible for monitoring the operation of the high density rule. Receives andprocesses requests for IFR operations at high density traffic airports.
• AIRPORT ROTATING BEACON A visual NAVAID operated at many airports. At civil airports, alternating white and greenflashes indicate the location of the airport. At military airports, the beacons flash alternately white and green, but aredifferentiated from civil beacons by dualpeaked (two quick) white flashes between the green flashes. (See SPECIAL VFR OPERATIONS.) (See INSTRUMENT FLIGHT RULES.) (Refer to AIM.) (See ICAO term AERODROME BEACON.)
• AIRPORT SURFACE DETECTION EQUIPMENT Radar equipment specifically designed to detect all principal features onthe surface of an airport, including aircraft and vehicular traffic, and to present the entire image on a radar indicator console inthe control tower. Used to augment visual observation by tower personnel of aircraft and/or vehicular movements on runwaysand taxiways.
• AIRPORT SURVEILLANCE RADAR Approach control radar used to detect and display an aircraft's position in the terminalarea. ASR provides range and azimuth information but does not provide elevation data. Coverage of the ASR can extend up to60 miles.
• AIRPORT TAXI CHARTS(See AERONAUTICAL CHART.)
• AIRPORT TRAFFIC CONTROL SERVICE A service provided by a control tower for aircraft operating on the movementarea and in the vicinity of an airport. (See MOVEMENT AREA.) (See TOWER.) (See ICAO term AERODROME CONTROL SERVICE.)
• AIRPORT TRAFFIC CONTROL TOWER(See TOWER.)
• AIR ROUTE SURVEILLANCE RADAR Air route traffic control center (ARTCC) radar used primarily to detect and displayan aircraft's position while en route between terminal areas. The ARSR enables controllers to provide radar air traffic controlservice when aircraft are within the ARSR coverage. In some instances, ARSR may enable an ARTCC to provide terminal radarservices similar to but usually more limited than those provided by a radar approach control.
• AIR ROUTE TRAFFIC CONTROL CENTER A facility established to provide air traffic control service to aircraft operatingon IFR flight plans within controlled airspace and principally during the en route phase of flight. When equipment capabilitiesand controller workload permit, certain advisory/assistance services may be provided to VFR aircraft. (See NAS STAGE A.) (See EN ROUTE AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SERVICES.) (Refer to AIM.)
• AIRSPACE CONFLICT Predicted conflict of an aircraft and active Special Activity Airspace (SAA).
• AIRSPACE HIERARCHY Within the airspace classes, there is a hierarchy and, in the event of an overlap of airspace: Class Apreempts Class B, Class B preempts Class C, Class C preempts Class D, Class D preempts Class E, and Class E preemptsClass G.
• AIRSPEED The speed of an aircraft relative to its surrounding air mass. The unqualified term "airspeed" means one of thefollowing: a. Indicated Airspeed- The speed shown on the aircraft airspeed indicator. This is the speed used inpilot/controller communications under the general term "airspeed." (Refer to FAR Part 1.) b. True Airspeed- The airspeed of an aircraft relative to undisturbed air. Used primarily in flight planning anden route portion of flight. When used in pilot/controller communications, it is referred to as "true airspeed" andnot shortened to "airspeed."
• AIRSTART The starting of an aircraft engine while the aircraft is airborne, preceded by engine shutdown during trainingflights or by actual engine failure.
• AIR TAXI Used to describe a helicopter/VTOL aircraft movement conducted above the surface but normally not above 100feet AGL. The aircraft may proceed either via hover taxi or flight at speeds more than 20 knots. The pilot is solely responsiblefor selecting a safe airspeed/altitude for the operation being conducted. (See HOVER TAXI.) (Refer to AIM.)
• AIR TRAFFIC Aircraft operating in the air or on an airport surface, exclusive of loading ramps and parking areas. (See ICAO term AIR TRAFFIC.)
• AIR TRAFFIC [ICAO] All aircraft in flight or operating on the manoeuvering area of an aerodrome.
• AIR TRAFFIC CLEARANCE An authorization by air traffic control for the purpose of preventing collision between knownaircraft, for an aircraft to proceed under specified traffic conditions within controlled airspace. The pilot-in-command of anaircraft may not deviate from the provisions of a visual flight rules (VFR) or instrument flight rules (IFR) air traffic clearanceexcept in an emergency or unless an amended clearance has been obtained. Additionally, the pilot may request a differentclearance from that which has been issued by air traffic control (ATC) if information available to the pilot makes another courseof action more practicable or if aircraft equipment limitations or company procedures forbid compliance with the clearanceissued. Pilots may also request clarification or amendment, as appropriate, any time a clearance is not fully understood, orconsidered unacceptable because of safety of flight. Controllers should, in such instances and to the extent of operationalpracticality and safety, honor the pilot's request. FAR Part 91.3(a) states: "The pilot in command of an aircraft is directlyresponsible for, and is the final authority as to, the operation of that aircraft." THE PILOT IS RESPONSIBLE TO REQUESTAN AMENDED CLEARANCE if ATC issues a clearance that would cause a pilot to deviate from a rule or regulation, or in thepilot's opinion, would place the aircraft in jeopardy. (See ATC INSTRUCTIONS.) (See ICAO term AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL CLEARANCE.)
• AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL A service operated by appropriate authority to promote the safe, orderly and expeditious flow ofair traffic. (See ICAO term AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SERVICE.)
• AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL CLEARANCE [ICAO] Authorization for an aircraft to proceed under conditions specified by anair traffic control unit. Note 1: For convenience, the term air traffic control clearance is frequently abbreviated to clearance when usedin appropriate contexts. Note 2: The abbreviated term clearance may be prefixed by the words taxi, takeoff, departure, en route,approach or landing to indicate the particular portion of flight to which the air traffic control clearance relates.
• AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SERVICE(See AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL.)
• AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SERVICE [ICAO] A service provided for the purpose of: a. Preventing collisions: 1. Between aircraft; and 2. On the manoeuvering area between aircraft and obstructions; and b. Expediting and maintaining an orderly flow of air traffic.
• AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SPECIALIST A person authorized to provide air traffic control service. (See AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL.) (See FLIGHT SERVICE STATION.) (See ICAO term CONTROLLER.)
• AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM COMMAND CENTER An Air Traffic Tactical Operations facility consisting of fouroperational units. a. Central Flow Control Function (CFCF). Responsible for coordination and approval of all major intercenterflow control restrictions on a system basis in order to obtain maximum utilization of the airspace. (See QUOTA FLOW CONTROL.) b. Central Altitude Reservation Function (CARF). Responsible for coordinating, planning, and approvingspecial user requirements under the Altitude Reservation (ALTRV) concept. (See ALTITUDE RESERVATION.) c. Airport Reservation Office (ARO). Responsible for approving IFR flights at designated high density trafficairports (John F. Kennedy, LaGuardia, O'Hare, and Washington National) during specified hours. (Refer to FAR Part 93.) (Refer to AIRPORT/FACILITY DIRECTORY.) d. ATC Contingency Command Post. A facility which enables the FAA to manage the ATC system whensignificant portions of the system's capabilities have been lost or are threatened.
• AIR TRAFFIC SERVICE A generic term meaning: a. Flight Information Service: b. Alerting Service: c. Air Traffic Advisory Service: d. Air Traffic Control Service: 1. Area Control Service, 2. Approach Control Service, or 3. Airport Control Service.
• AIRWAY A Class E airspace area established in the form of a corridor, the centerline of which is defined by radio navigationalaids. (See FEDERAL AIRWAYS.) (Refer to FAR Part 71.) (Refer to AIM.) (See ICAO term AIRWAY.)
• AIRWAY [ICAO] A control area or portion thereof established in the form of corridor equipped with radio navigational aids.
• AIRWAY BEACON Used to mark airway segments in remote mountain areas. The light flashes Morse Code to identify thebeacon site. (Refer to AIM.)
• AIT(See AUTOMATED INFORMATION TRANSFER.)
• ALERFA (Alert Phase) [ICAO] A situation wherein apprehension exists as to the safety of an aircraft and its occupants.
• ALERT A notification to a position that there is an aircraft-to-aircraft or aircraft-to-airspace conflict, as detected by AutomatedProblem Detection (APD).
• ALERT NOTICE A request originated by a flight service station (FSS) or an air route traffic control center (ARTCC) for anextensive communication search for overdue, unreported, or missing aircraft.
• ALERTING SERVICE A service provided to notify appropriate organizations regarding aircraft in need of search and rescueaid and assist such organizations as required.
• ALNOT(See ALERT NOTICE.)
• ALONG TRACK DISTANCE (LTD) The distance measured from a point-in-space by systems using area navigationreference capabilities that are not subject to slant range errors.
• ALPHANUMERIC DISPLAY Letters and numerals used to show identification, altitude, beacon code, and other informationconcerning a target on a radar display. (See AUTOMATED RADAR TERMINAL SYSTEMS.) (See NAS STAGE A.)
• ALTERNATE AERODROME [ICAO] An aerodrome to which an aircraft may proceed when it becomes either impossible orinadvisable to proceed to or to land at the aerodrome of intended landing. Note: The aerodrome from which a flight departs may also be an en-route or a destination alternate aerodromefor the flight.
• ALTERNATE AIRPORT An airport at which an aircraft may land if a landing at the intended airport becomes inadvisable. (See ICAO term ALTERNATE AERODROME.)
• ALTIMETER SETTING The barometric pressure reading used to adjust a pressure altimeter for variations in existingatmospheric pressure or to the standard altimeter setting (29.92.) (Refer to FAR Part 91.) (Refer to AIM.)
• ALTITUDE The height of a level, point, or object measured in feet Above Ground Level (AGL) or from Mean Sea Level(MSL.) (See FLIGHT LEVEL.) a. MSL Altitude- Altitude expressed in feet measured from mean sea level. b. AGL Altitude- Altitude expressed in feet measured above ground level. c. Indicated Altitude- The altitude as shown by an altimeter. On a pressure or barometric altimeter it is altitudeas shown uncorrected for instrument error and uncompensated for variation from standard atmosphericconditions. (See ICAO term ALTITUDE.)
• ALTITUDE [ICAO] The vertical distance of a level, a point or an object considered as a point, measured from mean sea level(MSL.)
• ALTITUDE READOUT An aircraft's altitude, transmitted via the Mode C transponder feature, that is visually displayed in 100-foot increments on a radar scope having readout capability. (See AUTOMATED RADAR TERMINAL SYSTEMS.) (See NAS STAGE A.) (See ALPHANUMERIC DISPLAY.) (Refer to AIM.)
• ALTITUDE RESERVATION Airspace utilization under prescribed conditions normally employed for the mass movement ofaircraft or other special user requirements which cannot otherwise be accomplished. ALTRV's are approved by the appropriateFAA facility. (See AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM COMMAND CENTER.)
• ALTITUDE RESTRICTION An altitude or altitudes, stated in the order flown, which are to be maintained until reaching aspecific point or time. Altitude restrictions may be issued by ATC due to traffic, terrain, or other airspace considerations.
• ALTITUDE RESTRICTIONS ARE CANCELED Adherence to previously imposed altitude restrictions is no longerrequired during a climb or descent.
• ALTRV(See ALTITUDE RESERVATION.)
• AMASS(See AIRPORT MOVEMENT AREA SAFETY SYSTEM.)
• AMVER(See AUTOMATED MUTUAL-ASSISTANCE VESSEL RESCUE SYSTEM.)
• APB(See AUTOMATED PROBLEM DETECTION BOUNDARY.)
• APD(See AUTOMATED PROBLEM DETECTION.)
• APDIA(See AUTOMATED PROBLEM DETECTION INHIBITED AREA.)
• APPROACH CLEARANCE Authorization by ATC for a pilot to conduct an instrument approach. The type of instrumentapproach for which a clearance and other pertinent information is provided in the approach clearance when required. (See INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE.) (See CLEARED APPROACH.) (Refer to AIM and FAR Part 91.)
• APPROACH CONTROL FACILITY A terminal ATC facility that provides approach control service in a terminal area. (See APPROACH CONTROL SERVICE.) (See RADAR APPROACH CONTROL FACILITY.)
• APPROACH CONTROL SERVICE Air traffic control service provided by an approach control facility for arriving anddeparting VFR/IFR aircraft and, on occasion, en route aircraft. At some airports not served by an approach control facility, theARTCC provides limited approach control service. (Refer to AIM.) (See ICAO term APPROACH CONTROL SERVICE.)
• APPROACH CONTROL SERVICE [ICAO] Air traffic control service for arriving or departing controlled flights.
• APPROACH GATE An imaginary point used within ATC as a basis for vectoring aircraft to the final approach course. Thegate will be established along the final approach course 1 mile from the final approach fix on the side away from the airport andwill be no closer than 5 miles from the landing threshold.
• APPROACH LIGHT SYSTEM(See AIRPORT LIGHTING.)
• APPROACH SEQUENCE The order in which aircraft are positioned while on approach or awaiting approach clearance. (See LANDING SEQUENCE.) (See ICAO term APPROACH SEQUENCE.)
• APPROACH SEQUENCE [ICAO] The order in which two or more aircraft are cleared to approach to land at the aerodrome.
• APPROACH SPEED The recommended speed contained in aircraft manuals used by pilots when making an approach tolanding. This speed will vary for different segments of an approach as well as for aircraft weight and configuration.
• APPROPRIATE ATS AUTHORITY [ICAO] The relevant authority designated by the State responsible for providing airtraffic services in the airspace concerned. In the United States, the "appropriate ATS authority" is the Program Director for AirTraffic Planning and Procedures,ATP-1.
• APPROPRIATE AUTHORITYa. Regarding flight over the high seas: the relevant authority is the State of Registry. b. Regarding flight over other than the high seas: the relevant authority is the State having sovereignty over theterritory being overflown.
• APPROPRIATE OBSTACLE CLEARANCE MINIMUM ALTITUDE Any of the following: (See Minimum IFR Altitude - MIA.) (See Minimum En Route Altitude - MEA.) (See Minimum Obstruction Clearance Altitude - MOCA.) (See Minimum Vectoring Altitude - MVA.)
• APPROPRIATE TERRAIN CLEARANCE MINIMUM ALTITUDE Any of the following: (See Minimum IFR Altitude- MIA.) (See Minimum En Route Altitude- MEA.) (See Minimum Obstruction Clearance Altitude- MOCA.) (See Minimum Vectoring Altitude- MVA.)
• APRON A defined area on an airport or heliport intended to accommodate aircraft for purposes of loading or unloadingpassengers or cargo, refueling, parking, or maintenance. With regard to seaplanes, a ramp is used for access to the apron fromthe water. (See ICAO term APRON.)
• APRON [ICAO] A defined area, on a land aerodrome, intended to accommodate aircraft for purposes of loading or unloadingpassengers, mail or cargo, refueling, parking or maintenance.
• ARCThe track over the ground of an aircraft flying at a constant distance from a navigational aid by reference to distancemeasuring equipment (DME).
• AREA CONTROL CENTER [ICAO] An ICAO term for an air traffic control facility primarily responsible for ATC servicesbeing provided IFR aircraft during the en route phase of flight. The U.S. equivalent facility is an air route traffic control center(ARTCC).
• AREA NAVIGATION Area Navigation (RNAV) provides enhanced navigational capability to the pilot. RNAV equipment cancompute the airplane position, actual track and ground speed and then provide meaningful information relative to a route offlight selected by the pilot. Typical equipment will provide the pilot with distance, time, bearing and crosstrack error relative tothe selected "TO" or "active" waypoint and the selected route. Several distinctly different navigational systems with differentnavigational performance characteristics are capable of providing area navigational functions. Present day RNAV includes INS,LORAN, VOR/DME, and GPS systems. Modern multi-sensor systems can integrate one or more of the above systems toprovide a more accurate and reliable navigational system. Due to the different levels of performance, area navigationalcapabilities can satisfy different levels of required navigational performance (RNP). The major types of equipment are: a. VORTAC referenced or Course Line Computer (CLC) systems, which account for the greatest number ofRNAV units in use. To function, the CLC must be within the service range of a VORTAC. b. OMEGA/VLF, although two separate systems, can be considered as one operationally. A long-rangenavigation system based upon Very Low Frequency radio signals transmitted from a total of 17 stationsworldwide. c. Inertial (INS) systems, which are totally self-contained and require no information from external references.They provide aircraft position and navigation information in response to signals resulting from inertial effectson components within the system. d. MLS Area Navigation (MLS/RNAV), which provides area navigation with reference to an MLS groundfacility. e. LORAN-C is a long-range radio navigation system that uses ground waves transmitted at low frequency toprovide user position information at ranges of up to 600 to 1,200 nautical miles at both en route and approachaltitudes. The usable signal coverage areas are determined by the signal-to-noise ratio, the envelope-to-cycledifference, and the geometric relationship between the positions of the user and the transmitting stations. f. GPS-is a space-base radio positioning, navigation, and time-transfer system. The system provides highlyaccurate position and velocity information, and precise time, on a continuous global basis, to an unlimitednumber of properly equipped users. The system is unaffected by weather, and provides a worldwide commongrid reference system. (See ICAO term AREA NAVIGATION.)
• AREA NAVIGATION [ICAO] A method of navigation which permits aircraft operation on any desired flight path within thecoverage of station-referenced navigation aids or within the limits of the capability of self-contained aids, or a combination ofthese.
• AREA NAVIGATION (RNAV) APPROACH CONFIGURATION: a. STANDARD T An RNAV approach whose design allows direct flight to any one of three initial approachfixes (IAF) and eliminates the need for procedure turns. The standard design is to align the procedure on theextended centerline with the missed approach point (MAP) at the runway threshold, the final approach fix(FAF), and the initial approach/intermediate fix (IAF/IF). The other two IAF's will be established perpendicularto the IF. b. MODIFIED T- An RNAV approach design for single or multiple runways where terrain or operationalconstraints do not allow for the standard T. The "T" may be modified by increasing or decreasing the anglefrom the corner IAF(s) to the IF or by eliminating one or both corner IAF's. c. STANDARD I- An RNAV approach design for a single runway with both corner IAF's eliminated. Coursereversal or radar vectoring may be required at busy terminals with multiple runways. d. TERMINAL ARRIVAL AREA (TAA)- The TAA is controlled airspace established in conjunction with theStandard or Modified T and I RNAV approach configurations. In the standard TAA, there are three areas:straight-in, left base, and right base. The arc boundaries of the three areas of the TAA are published portions ofthe approach and allow aircraft to transition from the en route structure direct to the nearest IAF. TAA's willalso eliminate or reduce feeder routes, departure extensions, and procedure turns or course reversal. 1. STRAIGHT-IN AREA- A 30NM arc centered on the IF bounded by a straight line extending through the IF perpendicular to the intermediate course. 2. LEFT BASE AREA- A 30NM arc centered on the right corner IAF. The area shares a boundary with the straight-in area except that it extends out for 30NM from the IAF and is bounded on the other side by a line extending from the IF through the FAF to the arc. 3. RIGHT BASE AREA- A 30NM arc centered on the left corner IAF. The area shares a boundary with the straight-in area except that it extends out for 30NM from the IAF and is bounded on the other side by a line extending from the IF through the FAF to the arc.
• ARINC An acronym for Aeronautical Radio, Inc., a corporation largely owned by a group of airlines. ARINC is licensed bythe FCC as an aeronautical station and contracted by the FAA to provide communications support for air traffic control andmeteorological services in portions of international airspace.
• ARMY AVIATION FLIGHT INFORMATION BULLETIN A bulletin that provides air operation data covering Army,National Guard, and Army Reserve aviation activities.
• ARO(See AIRPORT RESERVATION OFFICE.)
• ARRESTING SYSTEM A safety device consisting of two major components, namely, engaging or catching devices andenergy absorption devices for the purpose of arresting both tailhook and/or nontailhook-equipped aircraft. It is used to preventaircraft from overrunning runways when the aircraft cannot be stopped after landing or during aborted takeoff. Arrestingsystems have various names; e.g., arresting gear, hook device, wire barrier cable. (See ABORT.) (Refer to AIM.)
• ARRIVAL AIRCRAFT INTERVAL An internally generated program in hundredths of minutes based upon the AAR. AAI isthe desired optimum interval between successive arrival aircraft over the vertex.
• ARRIVAL CENTER The ARTCC having jurisdiction for the impacted airport.
• ARRIVAL DELAY A parameter which specifies a period of time in which no aircraft will be metered for arrival at the specifiedairport.
• ARRIVAL SECTOR An operational control sector containing one or more meter fixes.
• ARRIVAL SECTOR ADVISORY LIST An ordered list of data on arrivals displayed at the PVD/MDM of the sector whichcontrols the meter fix.
• ARRIVAL SEQUENCING PROGRAM The automated program designed to assist in sequencing aircraft destined for thesame airport.
• ARRIVAL STREAM FILTER (ASF) An on/off filter that allows the conflict notification function to be inhibited for arrivalstreams into single or multiple airports to prevent nuisance alerts.
• ARRIVAL TIME The time an aircraft touches down on arrival.
• ARSR(See AIR ROUTE SURVEILLANCE RADAR.)
• ARTCC(See AIR ROUTE TRAFFIC CONTROL CENTER.)
• ARTS(See AUTOMATED RADAR TERMINAL SYSTEMS.)
• ASDA(See ACCELERATE
• ASDA [ICAO](See ICAO Term ACCELERATE-STOP DISTANCE AVAILABLE.)
• ASDE(See AIRPORT SURFACE DETECTION EQUIPMENT.)
• ASF(See ARRIVAL STREAM FILTER.)
• ASLAR(See AIRCRAFT SURGE LAUNCH AND RECOVERY.)
• ASP(See ARRIVAL SEQUENCING PROGRAM.)
• ASR(See AIRPORT SURVEILLANCE RADAR.)
• ASR APPROACH(See SURVEILLANCE APPROACH.)
• ATC(See AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL.)
• ATCAA(See ATC ASSIGNED AIRSPACE.)
• ATC ADVISES Used to prefix a message of noncontrol information when it is relayed to an aircraft by other than an air trafficcontroller. (See ADVISORY.)
• ATC ASSIGNED AIRSPACE Airspace of defined vertical/lateral limits, assigned by ATC, for the purpose of providing airtraffic segregation between the specified activities being conducted within the assigned airspace and other IFR air traffic. (See SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE.)
• ATC CLEARANCE(See AIR TRAFFIC CLEARANCE.)
• ATC CLEARS Used to prefix an ATC clearance when it is relayed to an aircraft by other than an air traffic controller.
• ATC INSTRUCTIONS Directives issued by air traffic control for the purpose of requiring a pilot to take specific actions; e.g.,"Turn left heading two five zero," "Go around," "Clear the runway." (Refer to FAR Part 91.)
• ATC PREFERRED ROUTE NOTIFICATION URET CCLD notification to the appropriate controller of the need todetermine if an ATC preferred route needs to be applied, based on destination airport. (See ROUTE ACTION NOTIFICATION.) (See USER REQUEST EVALUATION TOOL CORE CAPABILITY LIMITED DEPLOYMENT.)
• ATC PREFERRED ROUTES Preferred routes that are not automatically applied by Host.
• ATCRBS(See RADAR.)
• ATC REQUESTS Used to prefix an ATC request when it is relayed to an aircraft by other than an air traffic controller.
• ATCSCC(See AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM COMMAND CENTER.)
• ATCSCC DELAY FACTOR The amount of delay calculated to be assigned prior to departure.
• ATCT(See TOWER.)
• ATIS(See AUTOMATIC TERMINAL INFORMATION SERVICE.)
• ATIS [ICAO](See ICAO Term AUTOMATIC TERMINAL INFORMATION SERVICE.)
• ATS Route [ICAO] A specified route designed for channelling the flow of traffic as necessary for the provision of air trafficservices. Note: The term "ATS Route" is used to mean variously, airway, advisory route, controlled or uncontrolledroute, arrival or departure, etc.
• ATTS(See AUTOMATED TERMINAL TRACKING SYSTEM.)
• AUTOLAND APPROACH An autoland approach is a precision instrument approach to touchdown and, in some cases,through the landing rollout. An autoland approach is performed by the aircraft autopilot which is receiving position informationand/or steering commands from onboard navigation equipment. (See COUPLED APPROACH.) Note: Autoland and coupled approaches are flown in VFR and IFR. It is common for carriers to require theircrews to fly coupled approaches and autoland approaches (if certified) when the weather conditions are lessthan approximately 4,000 RVR.
• AUTOMATED INFORMATION TRANSFER A precoordinated process, specifically defined in facility directives, duringwhich a transfer of altitude control and/or radar identification is accomplished without verbal coordination between controllersusing information communicated in a full data block.
• AUTOMATED MUTUALASSISTANCE VESSEL RESCUE SYSTEM
• AUTOMATED PROBLEM DETECTION (APD) An Automation Processing capability that compares trajectories in order topredict conflicts.
• AUTOMATED PROBLEM DETECTION BOUNDARY (APB) The adapted distance beyond a facilities boundary definingthe airspace within which URET CCLD performs conflict detection. (See USER REQUEST EVALUATION TOOL CORE CAPABILITY LIMITED DEPLOYMENT.)
• AUTOMATED PROBLEM DETECTION INHIBITED AREA (APDIA) Airspace surrounding a terminal area within whichAPD is inhibited for all flights within that airspace.
• AUTOMATED RADAR TERMINAL SYSTEMS The generic term for the ultimate in functional capability afforded byseveral automation systems. Each differs in functional capabilities and equipment. ARTS plus a suffix roman numeral denotes aspecific system. A following letter indicates a major modification to that system. In general, an ARTS displays for the terminalcontroller aircraft identification, flight plan data, other flight associated information; e.g., altitude, speed, and aircraft positionsymbols in conjunction with his radar presentation. Normal radar co-exists with the alphanumeric display. In addition toenhancing visualization of the air traffic situation, ARTS facilitate intra/inter-facility transfer and coordination of flightinformation. These capabilities are enabled by specially designed computers and subsystems tailored to the radar andcommunications equipment and operational requirements of each automated facility. Modular design permits adoption ofimprovements in computer software and electronic technologies as they become available while retaining the characteristicsunique to each system. a. ARTS II. A programmable nontracking, computer-aided display subsystem capable of modular expansion.ARTS II systems provide a level of automated air traffic control capability at terminals having low to mediumactivity. Flight identification and altitude may be associated with the display of secondary radar targets. Thesystem has the capability of communicating with ARTCC's and other ARTS II, IIA, III, and IIIA facilities. b. ARTS IIA. A programmable radar-tracking computer subsystem capable of modular expansion. The ARTSIIA detects, tracks, and predicts secondary radar targets. The targets are displayed by means ofcomputer-generated symbols, ground speed, and flight plan data. Although it does not track primary radartargets, they are displayed coincident with the secondary radar as well as the symbols and alphanumerics. Thesystem has the capability of communicating with ARTCC's and other ARTS II, IIA, III, and IIIA facilities. c. ARTS III. The Beacon Tracking Level of the modular programmable automated radar terminal system in useat medium to high activity terminals. ARTS III detects, tracks, and predicts secondary radar-derived aircrafttargets. These are displayed by means of computer-generated symbols and alphanumeric characters depictingflight identification, aircraft altitude, ground speed, and flight plan data. Although it does not track primarytargets, they are displayed coincident with the secondary radar as well as the symbols and alphanumerics. Thesystem has the capability of communicating with ARTCC's and other ARTS III facilities. d. ARTS IIIA. The Radar Tracking and Beacon Tracking Level (RT&BTL) of the modular, programmableautomated radar terminal system. ARTS IIIA detects, tracks, and predicts primary as well as secondaryradar-derived aircraft targets. This more sophisticated computer-driven system upgrades the existing ARTS IIIsystem by providing improved tracking, continuous data recording, and fail-soft capabilities.
• AUTOMATED TERMINAL TRACKING SYSTEM (ATTS) ATTS is used to identify the numerous tracking systemsincluding ARTS IIA, ARTS IIE, ARTS IIIA, ARTS IIIE, STARS, and M-EARTS.
• AUTOMATED UNICOM Provides completely automated weather, radio check capability and airport advisory information onan Automated UNICOM system. These systems offer a variety of features, typically selectable by microphone clicks, on theUNICOM frequency. Availability will be published in the Airport/Facility Directory and approach charts.
• AUTOMATIC ALTITUDE REPORT(See ALTITUDE READOUT.)
• AUTOMATIC ALTITUDE REPORTING That function of a transponder which responds to Mode C interrogations bytransmitting the aircraft's altitude in 100-foot increments.
• AUTOMATIC CARRIER LANDING SYSTEM U.S. Navy final approach equipment consisting of precision tracking radarcoupled to a computer data link to provide continuous information to the aircraft, monitoring capability to the pilot, and a backupapproach system.
• AUTOMATIC DIRECTION FINDER An aircraft radio navigation system which senses and indicates the direction to a L/MFnondirectional radio beacon (NDB) ground transmitter. Direction is indicated to the pilot as a magnetic bearing or as a relativebearing to the longitudinal axis of the aircraft depending on the type of indicator installed in the aircraft. In certain applications,such as military, ADF operations may be based on airborne and ground transmitters in the VHF/UHF frequency spectrum. (See BEARING.) (See NONDIRECTIONAL BEACON.)
• AUTOMATIC TERMINAL INFORMATION SERVICE The continuous broadcast of recorded noncontrol information inselected terminal areas. Its purpose is to improve controller effectiveness and to relieve frequency congestion by automating therepetitive transmission of essential but routine information; e.g., "Los Angeles information Alfa. One three zero zeroCoordinated Universal Time. Weather, measured ceiling two thousand overcast, visibility three, haze, smoke, temperature sevenone, dew point five seven, wind two five zero at five, altimeter two niner niner six. I-L-S Runway Two Five Left approach in use,Runway Two Five Right closed, advise you have Alfa." (Refer to AIM.) (See ICAO term AUTOMATIC TERMINAL INFORMATION SERVICE.)
• AUTOMATIC TERMINAL INFORMATION SERVICE [ICAO] The provision of current, routine information to arrivingand departing aircraft by means of continuous and repetitive broadcasts throughout the day or a specified portion of the day.
• AUTOROTATION A rotorcraft flight condition in which the lifting rotor is driven entirely by action of the air when therotorcraft is in motion. a. Autorotative Landing/Touchdown Autorotation. Used by a pilot to indicate that the landing will be madewithout applying power to the rotor. b. Low Level Autorotation. Commences at an altitude well below the traffic pattern, usually below 100 feetAGL and is used primarily for tactical military training. c. 180 degrees Autorotation. Initiated from a downwind heading and is commenced well inside the normaltraffic pattern. "Go around" may not be possible during the latter part of this maneuver.
• AVAILABLE LANDING DISTANCE (ALD) The portion of a runway available for landing and roll-out for aircraft clearedfor LAHSO. This distance is measured from the landing threshold to the hold-short point.
• AVIATION WEATHER SERVICE A service provided by the National Weather Service (NWS) and FAA which collects anddisseminates pertinent weather information for pilots, aircraft operators, and ATC. Available aviation weather reports andforecasts are displayed at each NWS office and FAA FSS. (See EN ROUTE FLIGHT ADVISORY SERVICE.) (See TRANSCRIBED WEATHER BROADCAST.) (See WEATHER ADVISORY.) (Refer to AIM.)
• AWW(See SEVERE WEATHER FORECAST ALERTS.)
• AZIMUTH (MLS) A magnetic bearing extending from an MLS navigation facility. Note: azimuth bearings are described as magnetic and are referred to as "azimuth" in radio telephonecommunications.
• ACCIDENTAn occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft which takes place between the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight and until such time as all such persons have disembarked, and in which any person suffers death or serious injury or in which the aircraft receives substantial damage.
• AIR CARRIERA person who undertakes directly, by lease, or other arrangement, to engage in air transportation.
• AIR DEFENSE IDENTIFICATION ZONE (ADIZ)The area of airspace over land or water, extending upward from the surface, within which the ready identification, the location, and the control of aircraft are required in the interest of national security.<ol><li>Domestic Air Defense Identification Zone - An ADIZ within the United States along an international boundary of the United States.<li>Coastal Air Defense Identification Zone - An ADIZ over the coastal waters of the United States.<li>Distant Early Warning Identification Zone (DEWIZ) - An ADIZ over the coastal waters of the State of Alaska.</ol>ADIZ locations and operating and flight plan requirements for civil aircraft operations are specified in FAR Part 99.
• AIR ROUTE TRAFFIC CONTROL CENTER (ARTCC) OR CENTERA facility established to provide air traffic control service to aircraft operating on IFR flight plans within controlled airspace and principally during the en route phase of flight. When equipment capabilities and controller workload permit, certain advisory/assistance services may be provided to VFR aircraft.
• AIR TAXIAn aircraft operator who conducts operations for hire or compensation in accordance with FAR Part 135 in an aircraft with 30 or fewer passenger seats and a payload capacity of 7,500 pounds or less. An air taxi operates on an on demand basis and does not meet the &quot;flight scheduled&quot; qualifications of a commuter.
• AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL (ATC)A service operated by the appropriate authority to promote the safe, orderly, and expeditious flow of air traffic.
• AIRPORTAn area on land or water that is used or intended to be used for the landing and takeoff of aircraft and includes its buildings and facilities, if any.
• AIRPORT TRAFFIC CONTROL TOWER (ATCT)A terminal facility that uses air/ground communications, visual signaling, and other devices to provide ATC services to aircraft operating in the vicinity of an airport or on the movement area. Authorizes aircraft to land or takeoff at the airport controlled by the tower or to transit the Class D airspace area regardless of flight plan or weather conditions (IFR or VFR). A tower may also provide approach control services (radar or nonradar).
• AUTOMATIC TERMINAL INFORMATION SERVICE (ATIS)The continuous broadcast of recorded noncontrol information in selected terminal areas. Its purpose is to improve controller effectiveness and to relieve frequency congestion by automating the repetitive transmission of essential but routine information; e.g., &quot;Los Angeles information Alfa. One three zero zero Coordinated Universal Time. Weather measured ceiling two thousand overcast, visibility three, haze, smoke, temperature seven one, dew point five seven, wind two five zero at five, altimeter two niner six. ILS Runway Two Five Left approach in use, Runway Two Five Right closed, advise you have Alfa.&quot;
• CENTERAn Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC). See Air Route Traffic Control Center.
• CERTIFICATED AIRPORTAn airport operating under FAR Part 139. The FAA issues airport operating certificates to all airports serving scheduled or unscheduled air carrier aircraft designed for more than 30 passenger seats. Certificated airports must meet minimum safety standards in accordance with FAR Part 139.
• CLASS G AIRSPACE (UNCONTROLLED AIRSPACE)The airspace not designated as Class A, B, C, D or E.
• COMBINED CENTER/RAPCON (CERAP) An air traffic facility which combines the functions of an ARTCC and a radar approach control facility.
• COMMON TRAFFIC ADVISORY FREQUENCY (CTAF)A frequency designed for the purpose of carrying out airport advisory practices while operating to or from an airport without an operating control tower. The CTAF may be a UNICOM, Multicom, FSS, or tower frequency and is identified in appropriate aeronautical publications. (Refer to AC 90-42)
• COMMUTERAn air carrier operator operating under 14 CFR 135 that carries passengers on at least five round trips per week on at least one route between two or more points according to its published flight schedules that specify the times, day of the week, and places between which these flights are performed. The aircraft that a commuter operates has 30 or fewer passenger seats and a payload capability of 7,500 pounds or less.
• CONTROLLED AIRSPACEAn airspace of defined dimensions within which air traffic control service is provided to IFR flights and to VFR flights in accordance with the airspace classification. Controlled airspace is a generic term that covers Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D, and Class E airspace. Controlled airspace is also that airspace within which all aircraft operators are subject to certain pilot qualifications, operating rules, and equipment requirements in FAR Part 91 (for specific operating requirements, please refer to FAR Part 91). For IFR operations in any class of controlled airspace, a pilot must file an IFR flight plan and receive an appropriate ATC clearance. Each Class B, Class C, and Class D airspace area designated for an airport contains at least one primary airport around which the airspace is designated (for specific designations and descriptions of the airspace classes, please refer to FAR Part 71. Controlled airspace in the United States is designated as follows:<ol><li>CLASS A (formerly PCA -Positive Control Area) generally, that airspace from 18,000 feet mean sea level (MSL) up to and including flight level (FL) 600 (60,000 feet pressure altitude) , including the airspace overlying the waters within 12 nautical miles of the coast of the 48 contiguous States and Alaska. Unless otherwise authorized, all persons must operate their aircraft under IFR. <p><li>CLASS B (formerly TCA Terminal Control Area) Generally, that airspace from the surface to 10,000 feet mean sea level (MSL) surrounding the nation's busiest airports in terms of airport operations or passenger enplanements. The configuration of each Class B airspace area is individually tailored and consists of a surface area and two or more layers (some Class B airspace areas resemble upside down wedding cakes), and is designed to contain all published instrument procedures once an aircraft enters the airspace. An ATC clearance is required for all aircraft to operate in the area, and all aircraft that are so cleared receive separation services within the airspace. The cloud clearance requirement for VFR operations is &quot;clear of clouds.&quot; <p><li>CLASS C (formerly ARSA Airport Radar Service Area) Generally, that airspace from the surface to 4,000 feet above the airport elevation (charted in mean sea level (MSL)) surrounding those airports that have an operational control tower, are serviced by a radar approach control, and that have a certain number of IFR operations or passenger enplanements. Although the configuration of each Class C area is individually tailored, the airspace usually consists of a surface area with a 5 nautical mile (NM) radius, an outer circle with a 10 nm radius that extends from 1,200 feet to 4,000 feet above the airport elevation and an outer area. Each person must establish two-way radio communications with the ATC facility providing air traffic services prior to entering the airspace and thereafter maintain those communications while within the airspace. VFR aircraft are only separated from IFR aircraft within the airspace.<p> <li>CLASS D (formerly ATA Airport Traffic Area and CZ Control Zone) Generally, that airspace from the surface to 2,500 feet above the airport elevation (charted in mean sea level (MSL)) surrounding those airports that have an operational control tower. The configuration of each Class D airspace area is individually tailored and when instrument procedures are published, the airspace will normally be designed to contain the procedures. Arrival extensions for instrument approach procedures may be Class D or Class E airspace. Unless otherwise authorized, each person must establish two-way radio communications with the ATC facility providing air traffic services prior to entering the airspace and thereafter maintain those communications while in the airspace. No separation services are provided to VFR aircraft.<p><li>CLASS E (formerly General Controlled Airspace)</ol>Generally, if the airspace is not Class A, Class B, Class C, or Class D, and it is controlled airspace, it is Class E airspace. Class E airspace extends upward from either the surface or a designated altitude to the overlying or adjacent controlled airspace. When designated as a surface area, the airspace will be configured to contain all instrument procedures. Also in this class are Federal airways, airspace beginning at either 700 or 1,200 feet AGL used to transition to/from the terminal or enroute environment, enroute domestic, and offshore airspace areas designated below 18,000 feet mean sea level (MSL). Unless designated at a lower altitude, Class E airspace begins at 14,500 feet mean sea level (MSL) over the United States, including that airspace overlying the waters within 12 nautical miles of the coast of the 48 contiguous States and Alaska, up to, but not including 18,000 feet mean sea level (MSL), and the airspace above flight level (FL) 600.
• BACK-TAXIA term used by air traffic controllers to taxi an aircraft on the runway opposite to the traffic flow. The aircraft may be instructed to back-taxi to the beginning of the runway or at some point before reaching the runway end for the purpose of departure or to exit the runway.
• BASE LEG(See TRAFFIC PATTERN.)
• BEACON(See RADAR.)(See NONDIRECTIONAL BEACON.)(See MARKER BEACON.)(See AIRPORT ROTATING BEACON.)(See AERONAUTICAL BEACON.)(See AIRWAY BEACON.)
• BEARING The horizontal direction to or from any point, usually measured clockwise from true north, magnetic north, or some other reference point through 360 degrees.(See NONDIRECTIONAL BEACON.)
• BELOW MINIMUMS Weather conditions below the minimums prescribed by regulation for the particular action involved; e.g., landing minimums, takeoff minimums.
• BLAST FENCE A barrier that is used to divert or dissipate jet or propeller blast.
• BLIND SPEED The rate of departure or closing of a target relative to the radar antenna at which cancellation of the primary radar target by moving target indicator (MTI) circuits in the radar equipment causes a reduction or complete loss of signal.(See ICAO term BLIND VELOCITY.)
• BLIND SPOT An area from which radio transmissions and/or radar echoes cannot be received. The term is also used to describe portions of the airport not visible from the control tower.
• BLIND TRANSMISSION(See TRANSMITTING IN THE BLIND.)
• BLIND VELOCITY [ICAO] The radial velocity of a moving target such that the target is not seen on primary radars fitted with certain forms of fixed echo suppression.
• BLIND ZONE(See BLIND SPOT.)
• BLOCKED Phraseology used to indicate that a radio transmission has been distorted or interrupted due to multiple simultaneous radio transmissions.
• BOUNDARY LIGHTS(See AIRPORT LIGHTING.)
• BRAKING ACTION (GOOD, FAIR, POOR, OR NIL)A report of conditions on the airport movement area providing a pilot with a degree/quality of braking that he might expect. Braking action is reported in terms of good, fair, poor, or nil.(See RUNWAY CONDITION READING.)
• BRAKING ACTION ADVISORIES When tower controllers have received runway braking action reports which include the terms "poor" or "nil," or whenever weather conditions are conducive to deteriorating or rapidly changing runway braking conditions, the tower will include on the ATIS broadcast the statement, "BRAKING ACTION ADVISORIES ARE IN EFFECT." During the time Braking Action Advisories are in effect, ATC will issue the latest braking action report for the runway in use to each arriving and departing aircraft. Pilots should be prepared for deteriorating braking conditions and should request current runway condition information if not volunteered by controllers. Pilots should also be prepared to provide a descriptive runway condition report to controllers after landing.
• BREAKOUTA technique to direct aircraft out of the approach stream. In the context of close parallel operations, a breakout is used to direct threatened aircraft away from a deviating aircraft.
• BROADCASTTransmission of information for which an acknowledgement is not expected.(See ICAO term BROADCAST.)
• BROADCAST [ICAO]A transmission of information relating to air navigation that is not addressed to a specific station or stations.
• CALCULATED LANDING TIME A term that may be used in place of tentative or actual calculated landing time, whichever applies.
• CALL FOR RELEASE Wherein the overlying ARTCC requires a terminal facility to initiate verbal coordination to secure ARTCC approval for release of a departure into the en route environment.
• CALL UP Initial voice contact between a facility and an aircraft, using the identification of the unit being called and the unit initiating the call. (Refer to AIM.)
• CANADIAN MINIMUM NAVIGATION PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION AIRSPACE That portion of Canadian domestic airspace within which MNPS separation may be applied.
• CARDINAL ALTITUDES "Odd" or "Even" thousand-foot altitudes or flight levels; e.g., 5,000, 6,000, 7,000, FL 250, FL 260, FL 270. (See ALTITUDE.) (See FLIGHT LEVEL.)
• CARDINAL FLIGHT LEVELS (See CARDINAL ALTITUDES.)
• CAT (See CLEAR-AIR TURBULENCE.)
• CDT PROGRAMS (See CONTROLLED DEPARTURE TIME PROGRAMS.)
• CEILING The heights above the earth's surface of the lowest layer of clouds or obscuring phenomena that is reported as "broken," "overcast," or "obscuration," and not classified as "thin" or "partial." (See ICAO term CEILING.)
• CEILING [ICAO] The height above the ground or water of the base of the lowest layer of cloud below 6,000 meters (20,000 feet) covering more than half the sky.
• CENRAP (See CENTER RADAR ARTS PRESENTATION/PROCESSING.)
• CENRAP-PLUS (See CENTER RADAR ARTS PRESENTATION/PROCESSING-PLUS.)
• CENTER (See AIR ROUTE TRAFFIC CONTROL CENTER.)
• CENTER'S AREA The specified airspace within which an air route traffic control center (ARTCC) provides air traffic control and advisory service. (See AIR ROUTE TRAFFIC CONTROL CENTER.) (Refer to AIM.)
• CENTER RADAR ARTS PRESENTATION/PROCESSING A computer program developed to provide a back-up system for airport surveillance radar in the event of a failure or malfunction. The program uses air route traffic control center radar for the processing and presentation of data on the ARTS IIA or IIIA displays.
• CENTER RADAR ARTS PRESENTATION/PROCESSING-PLUS A computer program developed to provide a back-up system for airport surveillance radar in the event of a terminal secondary radar system failure. The program uses a combination of Air Route Traffic Control Center Radar and terminal airport surveillance radar primary targets displayed simultaneously for the processing and presentation of data on the ARTS IIA or IIIA displays.
• CENTER WEATHER ADVISORY An unscheduled weather advisory issued by Center Weather Service Unit meteorologists for ATC use to alert pilots of existing or anticipated adverse weather conditions within the next 2 hours. A CWA may modify or redefine a SIGMET. (See AWW.) (See SIGMET.) (See CONVECTIVE SIGMET.) (See AIRMET.) (Refer to AIM.)
• CENTRAL EAST PACIFIC An organized route system between the U.S. West Coast and Hawaii.
• CEP (See CENTRAL EAST PACIFIC.)
• CERAP (See COMBINED CENTER-RAPCON.)
• CERTIFIED TOWER RADAR DISPLAY (CTRD) A radar display that provides a presentation of primary, beacon radar videos, and alphanumeric data from an Air Traffic Control radar system, which is certified by the FAA to provide radar services. Examples include Digital Bright Radar Indicator Tower Equipment (DBRITE), Tower Display Workstation (TDW) and BRITE.
• CFR (See CALL FOR RELEASE.)
• CHAFF Thin, narrow metallic reflectors of various lengths and frequency responses, used to reflect radar energy. These reflectors when dropped from aircraft and allowed to drift downward result in large targets on the radar display.
• CHARTED VFR FLYWAYS Charted VFR Flyways are flight paths recommended for use to bypass areas heavily traversed by large turbine-powered aircraft. Pilot compliance with recommended flyways and associated altitudes is strictly voluntary. VFR Flyway Planning charts are published on the back of existing VFR Terminal Area charts.
• CHARTED VISUAL FLIGHT PROCEDURE APPROACH An approach conducted while operating on an instrument flight rules (IFR) flight plan which authorizes the pilot of an aircraft to proceed visually and clear of clouds to the airport via visual landmarks and other information depicted on a charted visual flight procedure. This approach must be authorized and under the control of the appropriate air traffic control facility. Weather minimums required are depicted on the chart.
• CHASE An aircraft flown in proximity to another aircraft normally to observe its performance during training or testing.
• CHASE AIRCRAFT (See CHASE.)
• CIRCLE-TO-LAND MANEUVER A maneuver initiated by the pilot to align the aircraft with a runway for landing when a straight-in landing from an instrument approach is not possible or is not desirable. At tower controlled airports, this maneuver is made only after ATC authorization has been obtained and the pilot has established required visual reference to the airport. (See CIRCLE TO RUNWAY.) (See LANDING MINIMUMS.) (Refer to LANDING MINIMUMS.)
• CIRCLE TO RUNWAY (RUNWAY NUMBER) Used by ATC to inform the pilot that he must circle to land because the runway in use is other than the runway aligned with the instrument approach procedure. When the direction of the circling maneuver in relation to the airport/runway is required, the controller will state the direction (eight cardinal compass points) and specify a left or right downwind or base leg as appropriate; e.g., "Cleared VOR Runway Three Six Approach circle to Runway Two Two," or "Circle northwest of the airport for a right downwind to Runway Two Two." (See CIRCLE-TO-LAND MANEUVER.) (See LANDING MINIMUMS.) (Refer to AIM.)
• CIRCLING APPROACH (See CIRCLE-TO-LAND MANEUVER.)
• CIRCLING MANEUVER (See CIRCLE-TO-LAND MANEUVER.)
• CIRCLING MINIMA (See LANDING MINIMUMS.)
• CLASS A AIRSPACE (See CONTROLLED AIRSPACE.)
• CLASS B AIRSPACE (See CONTROLLED AIRSPACE.)
• CLASS C AIRSPACE (See CONTROLLED AIRSPACE.)
• CLASS D AIRSPACE (See CONTROLLED AIRSPACE.)
• CLASS E AIRSPACE (See CONTROLLED AIRSPACE.)
• CLASS G AIRSPACE That airspace not designated as Class A, B, C, D or E.
• CLEAR-AIR TURBULENCE Turbulence encountered in air where no clouds are present. This term is commonly applied to high-level turbulence associated with wind shear. CAT is often encountered in the vicinity of the jet stream. (See WIND SHEAR.) (See JET STREAM.)
• CLEAR OF THE RUNWAY a. A taxiing aircraft, which is approaching a runway, is clear of the runway when all parts of the aircraft are held short of the applicable holding position marking. b. A pilot or controller may consider an aircraft, which is exiting or crossing a runway, to be clear of the runway when all parts of the aircraft are beyond the runway edge and there is no ATC restriction to its continued movement beyond the applicable holding position marking. c. Pilots and controllers shall exercise good judgement to ensure that adequate separation exists between all aircraft on runways and taxiways at airports with inadequate runway edge lines or holding position markings.
• CLEARANCE (See AIR TRAFFIC CLEARANCE.)
• CLEARANCE LIMIT The fix, point, or location to which an aircraft is cleared when issued an air traffic clearance. (See ICAO term CLEARANCE LIMIT.)
• CLEARANCE LIMIT [ICAO] The point of which an aircraft is granted an air traffic control clearance.
• CLEARANCE VOID IF NOT OFF BY (TIME) Used by ATC to advise an aircraft that the departure clearance is automatically canceled if takeoff is not made prior to a specified time. The pilot must obtain a new clearance or cancel his IFR flight plan if not off by the specified time. (See ICAO term CLEARANCE VOID TIME.)
• CLEARANCE VOID TIME [ICAO] A time specified by an air traffic control unit at which a clearance ceases to be valid unless the aircraft concerned has already taken action to comply therewith.
• CLEARED AS FILED Means the aircraft is cleared to proceed in accordance with the route of flight filed in the flight plan. This clearance does not include the altitude, DP, or DP Transition. (See REQUEST FULL ROUTE CLEARANCE.) (Refer to AIM.)
• CLEARED (Type of) APPROACH ATC authorization for an aircraft to execute a specific instrument approach procedure to an airport; e.g., "Cleared ILS Runway Three Six Approach." (See INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE.) (See APPROACH CLEARANCE.) (Refer to AIM.) (Refer to FAR Part 91.)
• CLEARED APPROACH ATC authorization for an aircraft to execute any standard or special instrument approach procedure for that airport. Normally, an aircraft will be cleared for a specific instrument approach procedure. (See INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE.) (See CLEARED (TYPE OF) APPROACH.) (Refer to AIM.) (Refer to Part 91.)
• CLEARED FOR TAKEOFF ATC authorization for an aircraft to depart. It is predicated on known traffic and known physical airport conditions.
• CLEARED FOR THE OPTION ATC authorization for an aircraft to make a touch-and-go, low approach, missed approach, stop and go, or full stop landing at the discretion of the pilot. It is normally used in training so that an instructor can evaluate a student's performance under changing situations. (See OPTION APPROACH.) (Refer to AIM.)
• CLEARED THROUGH ATC authorization for an aircraft to make intermediate stops at specified airports without refiling a flight plan while en route to the clearance limit.
• CLEARED TO LAND ATC authorization for an aircraft to land. It is predicated on known traffic and known physical airport conditions.
• CLEARWAY An area beyond the takeoff runway under the control of airport authorities within which terrain or fixed obstacles may not extend above specified limits. These areas may be required for certain turbine-powered operations and the size and upward slope of the clearway will differ depending on when the aircraft was certificated. (Refer to FAR Part 1. below)
• CLIMBOUT That portion of flight operation between takeoff and the initial cruising altitude.
• CLIMB TO VFR ATC authorization for an aircraft to climb to VFR conditions within Class B, C, D, and E surface areas when the only weather limitation is restricted visibility. The aircraft must remain clear of clouds while climbing to VFR. (See SPECIAL VFR CONDITIONS.) (Refer to AIM.)
• CLOSE PARALLEL RUNWAYS Two parallel runways whose extended centerlines are separated by less than 4,300 feet, having a Precision Runway Monitoring (PRM) system that permits simultaneous independent ILS approaches.
• CLOSED RUNWAY A runway that is unusable for aircraft operations. Only the airport management/military operations office can close a runway.
• CLOSED TRAFFIC Successive operations involving takeoffs and landings or low approaches where the aircraft does not exit the traffic pattern.
• CLOUD A cloud is a visible accumulation of minute water droplets and/or ice particles in the atmosphere above the Earth's surface. Cloud differs from ground fog, fog, or ice fog only in that the latter are, by definition, in contact with the Earth's surface.
• CLT (See CALCULATED LANDING TIME.)
• CLUTTER In radar operations, clutter refers to the reception and visual display of radar returns caused by precipitation, chaff, terrain, numerous aircraft targets, or other phenomena. Such returns may limit or preclude ATC from providing services based on radar. (See GROUND CLUTTER.) (See CHAFF.) (See PRECIPITATION.) (See TARGET.) (See ICAO term RADAR CLUTTER.)
• CMNPS (See CANADIAN MINIMUM NAVIGATION PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION AIRSPACE.)
• COASTAL FIX A navigation aid or intersection where an aircraft transitions between the domestic route structure and the oceanic route structure.
• CODES The number assigned to a particular multiple pulse reply signal transmitted by a transponder. (See DISCRETE CODE.)
• COMBINED CENTER-RAPCON An air traffic facility which combines the functions of an ARTCC and a radar approach control facility. (See AIR ROUTE TRAFFIC CONTROL CENTER.) (See RADAR APPROACH CONTROL FACILITY.)
• COMMON POINT A significant point over which two or more aircraft will report passing or have reported passing before proceeding on the same or diverging tracks. To establish/maintain longitudinal separation, a controller may determine a common point not originally in the aircraft's flight plan and then clear the aircraft to fly over the point. (See SIGNIFICANT POINT.)
• COMMON PORTION (See COMMON ROUTE.)
• COMMON ROUTE That segment of a North American Route between the inland navigation facility and the coastal fix.
• COMMON TRAFFIC ADVISORY FREQUENCY (CTAF) A frequency designed for the purpose of carrying out airport advisory practices while operating to or from an airport without an operating control tower. The CTAF may be a UNICOM, Multicom, FSS, or tower frequency and is identified in appropriate aeronautical publications. (Refer to AC 90-42, Traffic Advisory Practices at Airports Without Operating Control Towers.)
• COMPASS LOCATOR A low power, low or medium frequency (L/MF) radio beacon installed at the site of the outer or middle marker of an instrument landing system (ILS). It can be used for navigation at distances of approximately 15 miles or as authorized in the approach procedure. a. Outer Compass Locator (LOM)- A compass locator installed at the site of the outer marker of an instrument landing system. (See OUTER MARKER.) b. Middle Compass Locator (LMM)- A compass locator installed at the site of the middle marker of an instrument landing system. (See MIDDLE MARKER.) (See ICAO term LOCATOR.)
• COMPASS ROSE A circle, graduated in degrees, printed on some charts or marked on the ground at an airport. It is used as a reference to either true or magnetic direction.
• COMPOSITE FLIGHT PLAN A flight plan which specifies VFR operation for one portion of flight and IFR for another portion. It is used primarily in military operations. (Refer to AIM.)
• COMPOSITE ROUTE SYSTEM An organized oceanic route structure, incorporating reduced lateral spacing between routes, in which composite separation is authorized.
• COMPOSITE SEPARATION A method of separating aircraft in a composite route system where, by management of route and altitude assignments, a combination of half the lateral minimum specified for the area concerned and half the vertical minimum is applied.
• COMPULSORY REPORTING POINTS Reporting points which must be reported to ATC. They are designated on aeronautical charts by solid triangles or filed in a flight plan as fixes selected to define direct routes. These points are geographical locations which are defined by navigation aids/fixes. Pilots should discontinue position reporting over compulsory reporting points when informed by ATC that their aircraft is in "radar contact."
• CONFLICT ALERT A function of certain air traffic control automated systems designed to alert radar controllers to existing or pending situations between tracked targets (known IFR or VFR aircraft) that require his/her immediate attention/action. (See MODE C INTRUDER ALERT.)
• CONFLICT RESOLUTION The resolution of potential conflictions between aircraft that are radar identified and in communication with ATC by ensuring that radar targets do not touch. Pertinent traffic advisories shall be issued when this procedure is applied. Note: This procedure shall not be provided utilizing mosaic radar systems.
• CONFORMANCE The condition established when an aircraft's actual position is within the conformance region constructed around that aircraft at its position, according to the trajectory associated with the aircraft's Current Plan.
• CONFORMANCE REGION A volume, bounded laterally, vertically, and longitudinally, within which an aircraft must be at a given time in order to be in conformance with the Current Plan Trajectory for that aircraft. At a given time, the conformance region is determined by the simultaneous application of the lateral, vertical, and longitudinal conformance bounds for the aircraft at the position defined by time and aircraft's trajectory.
• CONSOLAN A low frequency, long-distance NAVAID used principally for transoceanic navigations.
• CONTACT a. Establish communication with (followed by the name of the facility and, if appropriate, the frequency to be used). b. A flight condition wherein the pilot ascertains the attitude of his aircraft and navigates by visual reference to the surface. (See CONTACT APPROACH.) (See RADAR CONTACT.)
• CONTACT APPROACH An approach wherein an aircraft on an IFR flight plan, having an air traffic control authorization, operating clear of clouds with at least 1 mile flight visibility and a reasonable expectation of continuing to the destination airport in those conditions, may deviate from the instrument approach procedure and proceed to the destination airport by visual reference to the surface. This approach will only be authorized when requested by the pilot and the reported ground visibility at the destination airport is at least 1 statute mile. (Refer to AIM.)
• CONTAMINATED RUNWAY A runway is considered contaminated whenever standing water, ice, snow, slush, frost in any form, heavy rubber, or other substances are present. A runway is contaminated with respect to rubber deposits or other friction-degrading substances when the average friction value for any 500-foot segment of the runway within the ALD fails below the recommended minimum friction level and the average friction value in the adjacent 500-foot segments falls below the maintenance planning friction level.
• CONTERMINOUS U.S. The 48 adjoining States and the District of Columbia.
• CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES The 49 States located on the continent of North America and the District of Columbia.
• CONTINUE When used as a control instruction should be followed by another word or words clarifying what is expected of the pilot. Example: "continue taxi", "continue descent", "continue inbound" etc.
• CONTROL AREA [ICAO] A controlled airspace extending upwards from a specified limit above the earth.
• CONTROLLED AIRSPACE [ICAO] An airspace of defined dimensions within which air traffic control service is provided to IFR flights and to VFR flights in accordance with the airspace classification. (Note: Controlled airspace is a generic term which covers ATS airspace Classes A, B, C, D, and E.)
• CONTROLLED DEPARTURE TIME PROGRAMS These programs are the flow control process whereby aircraft are held on the ground at the departure airport when delays are projected to occur in either the en route system or the terminal of intended landing. The purpose of these programs is to reduce congestion in the air traffic system or to limit the duration of airborne holding in the arrival center or terminal area. A CDT is a specific departure slot shown on the flight plan as an expected departure clearance time (EDCT).
• CONTROLLED TIME OF ARRIVAL The original estimated time of arrival adjusted by the ATCSCC ground delay factor.
• CONTROLLER (See AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SPECIALIST.)
• CONTROLLER [ICAO] A person authorized to provide air traffic control services.
• CONTROL SECTOR An airspace area of defined horizontal and vertical dimensions for which a controller or group of controllers has air traffic control responsibility, normally within an air route traffic control center or an approach control facility. Sectors are established based on predominant traffic flows, altitude strata, and controller workload. Pilot-communications during operations within a sector are normally maintained on discrete frequencies assigned to the sector. (See DISCRETE FREQUENCY.)
• CONTROL SLASH A radar beacon slash representing the actual position of the associated aircraft. Normally, the control slash is the one closest to the interrogating radar beacon site. When ARTCC radar is operating in narrowband (digitized) mode, the control slash is converted to a target symbol.
• CONVECTIVE SIGMET A weather advisory concerning convective weather significant to the safety of all aircraft. Convective SIGMET's are issued for tornadoes, lines of thunderstorms, embedded thunderstorms of any intensity level, areas of thunderstorms greater than or equal to VIP level 4 with an area coverage of 4/10 (40%) or more, and hail 3/4 inch or greater. (See AWW.) (See SIGMET.) (See CWA.) (See AIRMET.) (Refer to AIM.)
• CONVECTIVE SIGNIFICANT METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION (See CONVECTIVE SIGMET.)
• COORDINATES The intersection of lines of reference, usually expressed in degrees/minutes/seconds of latitude and longitude, used to determine position or location.
• COORDINATION FIX The fix in relation to which facilities will handoff, transfer control of an aircraft, or coordinate flight progress data. For terminal facilities, it may also serve as a clearance for arriving aircraft.
• COPTER (See HELICOPTER.)
• CORRECTION An error has been made in the transmission and the correct version follows.
• COUPLED APPROACH A coupled approach is an instrument approach performed by the aircraft autopilot which is receiving position information and/or steering commands from onboard navigation equipment. In general, coupled nonprecision approaches must be discontinued and flown manually at altitudes lower than 50 feet below the minimum descent altitude, and coupled precision approaches must be flown manually below 50 feet AGL. (See AUTOLAND APPROACH.) Note: Coupled and autoland approaches are flown in VFR and IFR. It is common for carriers to require their crews to fly coupled approaches and autoland approaches (if certified) when the weather conditions are less than approximately 4,000 RVR.
• COURSE a. The intended direction of flight in the horizontal plane measured in degrees from north. b. The ILS localizer signal pattern usually specified as the front course or the back course. c. The intended track along a straight, curved, or segmented MLS path. (See BEARING.) (See RADIAL.) (See INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM.) (See MICROWAVE LANDING SYSTEM.)
• CPL [ICAO] (See ICAO term CURRENT FLIGHT PLAN)
• CRITICAL ENGINE The engine which, upon failure, would most adversely affect the performance or handling qualities of an aircraft.
• CROSS (FIX) AT (ALTITUDE) Used by ATC when a specific altitude restriction at a specified fix is required.
• CROSS (FIX) AT OR ABOVE (ALTITUDE) Used by ATC when an altitude restriction at a specified fix is required. It does not prohibit the aircraft from crossing the fix at a higher altitude than specified; however, the higher altitude may not be one that will violate a succeeding altitude restriction or altitude assignment. (See ALTITUDE RESTRICTION.) (Refer to AIM.)
• CROSS (FIX) AT OR BELOW (ALTITUDE) Used by ATC when a maximum crossing altitude at a specific fix is required. It does not prohibit the aircraft from crossing the fix at a lower altitude; however, it must be at or above the minimum IFR altitude. (See MINIMUM IFR ALTITUDES.) (See ALTITUDE RESTRICTION.) (Refer to FAR Part 91.)
• CROSSWIND a. When used concerning the traffic pattern, the word means "crosswind leg." (See TRAFFIC PATTERN.) b. When used concerning wind conditions, the word means a wind not parallel to the runway or the path of an aircraft. (See CROSSWIND COMPONENT.)
• CROSSWIND COMPONENT The wind component measured in knots at 90 degrees to the longitudinal axis of the runway.
• CRUISE Used in an ATC clearance to authorize a pilot to conduct flight at any altitude from the minimum IFR altitude up to and including the altitude specified in the clearance. The pilot may level off at any intermediate altitude within this block of airspace. Climb/descent within the block is to be made at the discretion of the pilot. However, once the pilot starts descent and verbally reports leaving an altitude in the block, he may not return to that altitude without additional ATC clearance. Further, it is approval for the pilot to proceed to and make an approach at destination airport and can be used in conjunction with: a. An airport clearance limit at locations with a standard/special instrument approach procedure. The FAR's require that if an instrument letdown to an airport is necessary, the pilot shall make the letdown in accordance with a standard/special instrument approach procedure for that airport, or b. An airport clearance limit at locations that are within/below/outside controlled airspace and without a standard/special instrument approach procedure. Such a clearance is NOT AUTHORIZATION for the pilot to descend under IFR conditions below the applicable minimum IFR altitude nor does it imply that ATC is exercising control over aircraft in Class G airspace; however, it provides a means for the aircraft to proceed to destination airport, descend, and land in accordance with applicable FAR's governing VFR flight operations. Also, this provides search and rescue protection until such time as the IFR flight plan is closed. (See INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE.)
• CRUISE CLIMB A climb technique employed by aircraft, usually at a constant power setting, resulting in an increase of altitude as the aircraft weight decreases.
• CRUISING ALTITUDE An altitude or flight level maintained during en route level flight. This is a constant altitude and should not be confused with a cruise clearance. (See ALTITUDE.) (See ICAO term CRUISING LEVEL.)
• CRUISING LEVEL (See CRUISING ALTITUDE.)
• CRUISING LEVEL [ICAO] A level maintained during a significant portion of a flight.
• CT MESSAGE An EDCT time generated by the ATCSCC to regulate traffic at arrival airports. Normally, a CT message is automatically transferred from the Traffic Management System computer to the NAS en route computer and appears as an EDCT. In the event of a communication failure between the TMS and the NAS, the CT message can be manually entered by the TMC at the en route facility.
• CTA (See CONTROLLED TIME OF ARRIVAL.) (See CONTROL AREA [ICAO].)
• CTAF (See COMMON TRAFFIC ADVISORY FREQUENCY.)
• CTRD (See CERTIFIED TOWER RADAR DISPLAY.)
• CURRENT FLIGHT PLAN [ICAO] The flight plan, including changes, if any, brought about by subsequent clearances.
• CURRENT PLAN The ATC clearance the aircraft has received and is expected to fly.
• CVFP APPROACH (See CHARTED VISUAL FLIGHT PROCEDURE APPROACH.)
• CWA (See CENTER WEATHER ADVISORY.) (See WEATHER ADVISORY.)
• DA [ICAO] (See ICAO Term DECISION ALTITUDE/DECISION HEIGHT.)
• DAIR (See DIRECT ALTITUDE AND IDENTITY READOUT.)
• DANGER AREA [ICAO] An airspace of defined dimensions within which activities dangerous to the flight of aircraft may exist at specified times. Note: The term "Danger Area" is not used in reference to areas within the United States or any of its possessions or territories.
• DATA BLOCK (See ALPHANUMERIC DISPLAY.)
• DEAD RECKONING Dead reckoning, as applied to flying, is the navigation of an airplane solely by means of computations based on airspeed, course, heading, wind direction, and speed, groundspeed, and elapsed time.
• DECISION ALTITUDE/DECISION HEIGHT [ICAO] A specified altitude or height (A/H) in the precision approach at which a missed approach must be initiated if the required visual reference to continue the approach has not been established. Note 1: Decision altitude [DA] is referenced to mean sea level [MSL] and decision height [DH] is referenced to the threshold elevation. Note 2: The required visual reference means that section of the visual aids or of the approach area which should have been in view for sufficient time for the pilot to have made an assessment of the aircraft position and rate of change of position, in relation to the desired flight path.
• DECISION HEIGHT With respect to the operation of aircraft, means the height at which a decision must be made during an ILS, MLS, or PAR instrument approach to either continue the approach or to execute a missed approach. (See ICAO term DECISION ALTITUDE/DECISION HEIGHT.)
• DECODER The device used to decipher signals received from ATCRBS transponders to effect their display as select codes. (See CODES.) (See RADAR.)
• DEFENSE VISUAL FLIGHT RULES Rules applicable to flights within an ADIZ conducted under the visual flight rules in FAR Part 91. (See AIR DEFENSE IDENTIFICATION ZONE.) (Refer to FAR Part 91.) (Refer to FAR Part 99.)
• DELAY INDEFINITE (REASON IF KNOWN) EXPECT FURTHER CLEARANCE (TIME) Used by ATC to inform a pilot when an accurate estimate of the delay time and the reason for the delay cannot immediately be determined; e.g., a disabled aircraft on the runway, terminal or center area saturation, weather below landing minimums, etc. (See EXPECT FURTHER CLEARANCE (TIME).)
• DELAY TIME The amount of time that the arrival must lose to cross the meter fix at the assigned meter fix time. This is the difference between ACLT and VTA.
• DEPARTURE CENTER The ARTCC having jurisdiction for the airspace that generates a flight to the impacted airport.
• DEPARTURE CONTROL A function of an approach control facility providing air traffic control service for departing IFR and, under certain conditions, VFR aircraft. (See APPROACH CONTROL FACILITY.) (Refer to AIM.)
• DEPARTURE SEQUENCING PROGRAM A program designed to assist in achieving a specified interval over a common point for departures.
• DEPARTURE TIME The time an aircraft becomes airborne.
• DESCENT SPEED ADJUSTMENTS Speed deceleration calculations made to determine an accurate VTA. These calculations start at the transition point and use arrival speed segments to the vertex.
• DESIRED COURSE a. True- A predetermined desired course direction to be followed (measured in degrees from true north). b. Magnetic- A predetermined desired course direction to be followed (measured in degrees from local magnetic north).
• DESIRED TRACK The planned or intended track between two waypoints. It is measured in degrees from either magnetic or true north. The instantaneous angle may change from point to point along the great circle track between waypoints.
• DETRESFA (DISTRESS PHASE) [ICAO] The code word used to designate an emergency phase wherein there is reasonable certainty that an aircraft and its occupants are threatened by grave and imminent danger or require immediate assistance.
• DEVIATIONS a. A departure from a current clearance, such as an off course maneuver to avoid weather or turbulence. b. Where specifically authorized in the FAR's and requested by the pilot, ATC may permit pilots to deviate from certain regulations. (Refer to AIM.)
• DF (See DIRECTION FINDER.)
• DF APPROACH PROCEDURE Used under emergency conditions where another instrument approach procedure cannot be executed. DF guidance for an instrument approach is given by ATC facilities with DF capability. (See DF GUIDANCE.) (See DIRECTION FINDER.) (Refer to AIM.)
• DF FIX The geographical location of an aircraft obtained by one or more direction finders. (See DIRECTION FINDER.)
• DF GUIDANCE Headings provided to aircraft by facilities equipped with direction finding equipment. These headings, if followed, will lead the aircraft to a predetermined point such as the DF station or an airport. DF guidance is given to aircraft in distress or to other aircraft which request the service. Practice DF guidance is provided when workload permits. (See DIRECTION FINDER.) (See DF FIX.) (Refer to AIM.)
• DF STEER (See DF GUIDANCE.)
• DH (See DECISION HEIGHT.)
• DH [ICAO] (See ICAO Term DECISION ALTITUDE/DECISION HEIGHT.)
• DIRECT Straight line flight between two navigational aids, fixes, points, or any combination thereof. When used by pilots in describing off-airway routes, points defining direct route segments become compulsory reporting points unless the aircraft is under radar contact.
• DIRECT ALTITUDE AND IDENTITY READOUT The DAIR System is a modification to the AN/TPX-42 Interrogator System. The Navy has two adaptations of the DAIR System-Carrier Air Traffic Control Direct Altitude and Identification Readout System for Aircraft Carriers and Radar Air Traffic Control Facility Direct Altitude and Identity Readout System for land-based terminal operations. The DAIR detects, tracks, and predicts secondary radar aircraft targets. Targets are displayed by means of computer-generated symbols and alphanumeric characters depicting flight identification, altitude, ground speed, and flight plan data. The DAIR System is capable of interfacing with ARTCC's.
• DIRECTION FINDER A radio receiver equipped with a directional sensing antenna used to take bearings on a radio transmitter. Specialized radio direction finders are used in aircraft as air navigation aids. Others are ground-based, primarily to obtain a "fix" on a pilot requesting orientation assistance or to locate downed aircraft. A location "fix" is established by the intersection of two or more bearing lines plotted on a navigational chart using either two separately located Direction Finders to obtain a fix on an aircraft or by a pilot plotting the bearing indications of his DF on two separately located ground-based transmitters, both of which can be identified on his chart. UDF's receive signals in the ultra high frequency radio broadcast band; VDF's in the very high frequency band; and UVDF's in both bands. ATC provides DF service at those air traffic control towers and flight service stations listed in the Airport/Facility Directory and the DOD FLIP IFR En Route Supplement. (See DF GUIDANCE.) (See DF FIX.)
• DISCRETE BEACON CODE (See DISCRETE CODE.)
• DISCRETE CODE As used in the Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS), any one of the 4096 selectable Mode 3/A aircraft transponder codes except those ending in zero zero; e.g., discrete codes: 0010, 1201, 2317, 7777; nondiscrete codes: 0100, 1200, 7700. Nondiscrete codes are normally reserved for radar facilities that are not equipped with discrete decoding capability and for other purposes such as emergencies (7700), VFR aircraft (1200), etc. (See RADAR.) (Refer to AIM.)
• DISCRETE FREQUENCY A separate radio frequency for use in direct pilot-controller communications in air traffic control which reduces frequency congestion by controlling the number of aircraft operating on a particular frequency at one time. Discrete frequencies are normally designated for each control sector in en route/terminal ATC facilities. Discrete frequencies are listed in the Airport/Facility Directory and the DOD FLIP IFR En Route Supplement. (See CONTROL SECTOR.)
• DISPLACED THRESHOLD A threshold that is located at a point on the runway other than the designated beginning of the runway. (See THRESHOLD.) (Refer to AIM.)
• DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT Equipment (airborne and ground) used to measure, in nautical miles, the slant range distance of an aircraft from the DME navigational aid. (See TACAN.) (See VORTAC.) (See MICROWAVE LANDING SYSTEM.)
• DISTRESS A condition of being threatened by serious and/or imminent danger and of requiring immediate assistance.
• DIVE BRAKES (See SPEED BRAKES.)
• DIVERSE VECTOR AREA In a radar environment, that area in which a prescribed departure route is not required as the only suitable route to avoid obstacles. The area in which random radar vectors below the MVA/MIA, established in accordance with the TERPS criteria for diverse departures, obstacles and terrain avoidance, may be issued to departing aircraft.
• DME (See DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT.)
• DME FIX A geographical position determined by reference to a navigational aid which provides distance and azimuth information. It is defined by a specific distance in nautical miles and a radial, azimuth, or course (i.e., localizer) in degrees magnetic from that aid. (See DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT.) (See FIX.) (See MICROWAVE LANDING SYSTEM.)
• DME SEPARATION Spacing of aircraft in terms of distances (nautical miles) determined by reference to distance measuring equipment (DME). (See DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT.)
• DOD FLIP Department of Defense Flight Information Publications used for flight planning, en route, and terminal operations. FLIP is produced by the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) for world-wide use. United States Government Flight Information Publications (en route charts and instrument approach procedure charts) are incorporated in DOD FLIP for use in the National Airspace System (NAS).
• DOMESTIC AIRSPACE Airspace which overlies the continental land mass of the United States plus Hawaii and U.S. possessions. Domestic airspace extends to 12 miles offshore.
• DOWNBURST A strong downdraft which induces an outburst of damaging winds on or near the ground. Damaging winds, either straight or curved, are highly divergent. The sizes of downbursts vary from 1/2 mile or less to more than 10 miles. An intense downburst often causes widespread damage. Damaging winds, lasting 5 to 30 minutes, could reach speeds as high as 120 knots.
• DOWNWIND LEG (See TRAFFIC PATTERN.)
• DP (See INSTRUMENT DEPARTURE PROCEDURE.)
• DRAG CHUTE A parachute device installed on certain aircraft which is deployed on landing roll to assist in deceleration of the aircraft.
• DSP (See DEPARTURE SEQUENCING PROGRAM.)
• DT (See DELAY TIME.)
• DUE REGARD A phase of flight wherein an aircraft commander of a State-operated aircraft assumes responsibility to separate his aircraft from all other aircraft. (See also FAAO 7110.65, Para 1-2-1, WORD MEANINGS.)
• DUTY RUNWAY (See RUNWAY IN USE/ACTIVE RUNWAY/DUTY RUNWAY.)
• DVA (See DIVERSE VECTOR AREA.)
• DVFR (See DEFENSE VISUAL FLIGHT RULES.)
• DVFR FLIGHT PLAN A flight plan filed for a VFR aircraft which intends to operate in airspace within which the ready identification, location, and control of aircraft are required in the interest of national security.
• DYNAMIC Continuous review, evaluation, and change to meet demands.
• DYNAMIC RESTRICTIONS Those restrictions imposed by the local facility on an "as needed" basis to manage unpredictable fluctuations in traffic demands.
• EDCT (See EXPECTED DEPARTURE CLEARANCE TIME.)
• EFC (See EXPECT FURTHER CLEARANCE (TIME).)
• ELT (See EMERGENCY LOCATOR TRANSMITTER.)
• EMERGENCY A distress or an urgency condition.
• EMERGENCY LOCATOR TRANSMITTER A radio transmitter attached to the aircraft structure which operates from its own power source on 121.5 MHz and 243.0 MHz. It aids in locating downed aircraft by radiating a downward sweeping audio tone, 2-4 times per second. It is designed to function without human action after an accident. (Refer to FAR Part 91.) (Refer to AIM.)
• E-MSAW (See EN ROUTE MINIMUM SAFE ALTITUDE WARNING.)
• ENGINEERED PERFORMANCE STANDARDS A mathematically derived runway capacity standard. EPS's are calculated for each airport on an individual basis and reflect that airport's aircraft mix, operating procedures, runway layout, and specific weather conditions. EPS's do not give consideration to staffing, experience levels, equipment outages, and in-trail restrictions as does the AAR.
• EN ROUTE AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SERVICES Air traffic control service provided aircraft on IFR flight plans, generally by centers, when these aircraft are operating between departure and destination terminal areas. When equipment, capabilities, and controller workload permit, certain advisory/assistance services may be provided to VFR aircraft. (See NAS STAGE A.) (See AIR ROUTE TRAFFIC CONTROL CENTER.) (Refer to AIM.)
• EN ROUTE CHARTS (See AERONAUTICAL CHART.)
• EN ROUTE DESCENT Descent from the en route cruising altitude which takes place along the route of flight.
• EN ROUTE FLIGHT ADVISORY SERVICE A service specifically designed to provide, upon pilot request, timely weather information pertinent to his type of flight, intended route of flight, and altitude. The FSS's providing this service are listed in the Airport/Facility Directory. (See FLIGHT WATCH.) (Refer to AIM.)
• EN ROUTE HIGH ALTITUDE CHARTS (See AERONAUTICAL CHART.)
• EN ROUTE LOW ALTITUDE CHARTS (See AERONAUTICAL CHART.)
• EN ROUTE MINIMUM SAFE ALTITUDE WARNING A function of the NAS Stage A en route computer that aids the controller by alerting him when a tracked aircraft is below or predicted by the computer to go below a predetermined minimum IFR altitude (MIA).
• EN ROUTE SPACING PROGRAM A program designed to assist the exit sector in achieving the required in-trail spacing.
• EPS (See ENGINEERED PERFORMANCE STANDARDS.)
• ESP (See EN ROUTE SPACING PROGRAM.)
• ESTABLISHEDTo be stable or fixed on a route, route segment, altitude, heading, etc.
• ESTIMATED ELAPSED TIME [ICAO] The estimated time required to proceed from one significant point to another. (See ICAO Term TOTAL ESTIMATED ELAPSED TIME.)
• ESTIMATED OFF-BLOCK TIME [ICAO] The estimated time at which the aircraft will commence movement associated with departure.
• ESTIMATED POSITION ERROR (EPE) (See REQUIRED NAVIGATION PERFORMANCE.)
• ESTIMATED TIME OF ARRIVAL The time the flight is estimated to arrive at the gate (scheduled operators) or the actual runway on times for nonscheduled operators.
• ESTIMATED TIME EN ROUTE The estimated flying time from departure point to destination (lift-off to touchdown).
• ETA (See ESTIMATED TIME OF ARRIVAL.)
• ETE (See ESTIMATED TIME EN ROUTE.)
• EXECUTE MISSED APPROACH Instructions issued to a pilot making an instrument approach which means continue inbound to the missed approach point and execute the missed approach procedure as described on the Instrument Approach Procedure Chart or as previously assigned by ATC. The pilot may climb immediately to the altitude specified in the missed approach procedure upon making a missed approach. No turns should be initiated prior to reaching the missed approach point. When conducting an ASR or PAR approach, execute the assigned missed approach procedure immediately upon receiving instructions to "execute missed approach." (Refer to AIM.)
• EXPECT (ALTITUDE) AT (TIME) or (FIX) Used under certain conditions to provide a pilot with an altitude to be used in the event of two-way communications failure. It also provides altitude information to assist the pilot in planning. (Refer to AIM.)
• EXPECTED DEPARTURE CLEARANCE TIME The runway release time assigned to an aircraft in a controlled departure time program and shown on the flight progress strip as an EDCT.
• EXPECT FURTHER CLEARANCE (TIME) The time a pilot can expect to receive clearance beyond a clearance limit.
• EXPECT FURTHER CLEARANCE VIA (AIRWAYS, ROUTES OR FIXES) Used to inform a pilot of the routing he can expect if any part of the route beyond a short range clearance limit differs from that filed.
• EXPEDITE Used by ATC when prompt compliance is required to avoid the development of an imminent situation. Expedite climb/descent normally indicates to a pilot that the approximate best rate of climb/descent should be used without requiring an exceptional change in aircraft handling characteristics.
• FAF (See FINAL APPROACH FIX.)
• FAST FILE A system whereby a pilot files a flight plan via telephone that is tape recorded and then transcribed for transmission to the appropriate air traffic facility. Locations having a fast file capability are contained in the Airport/Facility Directory. (Refer to AIM.)
• FAWP Final Approach Waypoint
• FCLT (See FREEZE CALCULATED LANDING TIME.)
• FEATHERED PROPELLER A propeller whose blades have been rotated so that the leading and trailing edges are nearly parallel with the aircraft flight path to stop or minimize drag and engine rotation. Normally used to indicate shutdown of a reciprocating or turboprop engine due to malfunction.
• FEDERAL AIRWAYS (See LOW ALTITUDE AIRWAY STRUCTURE.)
• FEEDER FIX The fix depicted on Instrument Approach Procedure Charts which establishes the starting point of the feeder route.
• FEEDER ROUTE A route depicted on instrument approach procedure charts to designate routes for aircraft to proceed from the en route structure to the initial approach fix (IAF). (See INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE.)
• FERRY FLIGHT A flight for the purpose of: a. Returning an aircraft to base. b. Delivering an aircraft from one location to another. c. Moving an aircraft to and from a maintenance base.- Ferry flights, under certain conditions, may be conducted under terms of a special flight permit.
• FIELD ELEVATION (See AIRPORT ELEVATION.)
• FILED Normally used in conjunction with flight plans, meaning a flight plan has been submitted to ATC.
• FILED EN ROUTE DELAY Any of the following preplanned delays at points/areas along the route of flight which require special flight plan filing and handling techniques. a. Terminal Area Delay. A delay within a terminal area for touch-and-go, low approach, or other terminal area activity. b. Special Use Airspace Delay. A delay within a Military Operations Area, Restricted Area, Warning Area, or ATC Assigned Airspace. c. Aerial Refueling Delay. A delay within an Aerial Refueling Track or Anchor.
• FILED FLIGHT PLAN The flight plan as filed with an ATS unit by the pilot or his designated representative without any subsequent changes or clearances.
• FINAL Commonly used to mean that an aircraft is on the final approach course or is aligned with a landing area. (See FINAL APPROACH COURSE.) (See FINAL APPROACH-IFR.) (See SEGMENTS OF AN INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE.)
• FINAL APPROACH [ICAO] That part of an instrument approach procedure which commences at the specified final approach fix or point, or where such a fix or point is not specified, a. At the end of the last procedure turn, base turn or inbound turn of a racetrack procedure, if specified; or b. At the point of interception of the last track specified in the approach procedure; and ends at a point in the vicinity of an aerodrome from which: 1. A landing can be made; or 2. A missed approach procedure is initiated.
• FINAL APPROACH COURSE A bearing/radial/track of an instrument approach leading to a runway or an extended runway centerline all without regard to distance.
• FINAL APPROACH FIX The fix from which the final approach (IFR) to an airport is executed and which identifies the beginning of the final approach segment. It is designated on Government charts by the Maltese Cross symbol for nonprecision approaches and the lightning bolt symbol for precision approaches; or when ATC directs a lower-than-published glideslope/path intercept altitude, it is the resultant actual point of the glideslope/path intercept. (See FINAL APPROACH POINT.) (See GLIDESLOPE INTERCEPT ALTITUDE.) (See SEGMENTS OF AN INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE.)
• FINAL APPROACH-IFR The flight path of an aircraft which is inbound to an airport on a final instrument approach course, beginning at the final approach fix or point and extending to the airport or the point where a circle-to-land maneuver or a missed approach is executed. (See SEGMENTS OF AN INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE.) (See FINAL APPROACH FIX.) (See FINAL APPROACH COURSE.) (See FINAL APPROACH POINT.) (See ICAO term FINAL APPROACH.)
• FINAL APPROACH POINT The point, applicable only to a nonprecision approach with no depicted FAF (such as an on airport VOR), where the aircraft is established inbound on the final approach course from the procedure turn and where the final approach descent may be commenced. The FAP serves as the FAF and identifies the beginning of the final approach segment. (See FINAL APPROACH FIX.) (See SEGMENTS OF AN INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE.)
• FINAL APPROACH SEGMENT (See SEGMENTS OF AN INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE.)
• FINAL APPROACH SEGMENT [ICAO] That segment of an instrument approach procedure in which alignment and descent for landing are accomplished.
• FINAL CONTROLLER The controller providing information and final approach guidance during PAR and ASR approaches utilizing radar equipment. (See RADAR APPROACH.)
• FINAL MONITOR AID A high resolution color display that is equipped with the controller alert system hardware/software which is used in the precision runway monitor (PRM) system. The display includes alert algorithms providing the target predictors, a color change alert when a target penetrates or is predicted to penetrate the no transgression zone (NTZ), a color change alert if the aircraft transponder becomes inoperative, synthesized voice alerts, digital mapping, and like features contained in the PRM system. (See RADAR APPROACH.)
• FINAL MONITOR CONTROLLER Air Traffic Control Specialist assigned to radar monitor the flight path of aircraft during simultaneous parallel and simultaneous close parallel ILS approach operations. Each runway is assigned a final monitor controller during simultaneous parallel and simultaneous close parallel ILS approaches. Final monitor controllers shall utilize the Precision Runway Monitor (PRM) system during simultaneous close parallel ILS approaches.
• FIR (See FLIGHT INFORMATION REGION.)
• FIRST TIER CENTER The ARTCC immediately adjacent to the impacted center.
• FIX A geographical position determined by visual reference to the surface, by reference to one or more radio NAVAID's, by celestial plotting, or by another navigational device.
• FIX BALANCING A process whereby aircraft are evenly distributed over several available arrival fixes reducing delays and controller workload.
• FLAG A warning device incorporated in certain airborne navigation and flight instruments indicating that: a. Instruments are inoperative or otherwise not operating satisfactorily, or b. Signal strength or quality of the received signal falls below acceptable values.
• FLAG ALARM (See FLAG.)
• FLAMEOUT An emergency condition caused by a loss of engine power.
• FLAMEOUT PATTERN An approach normally conducted by a single-engine military aircraft experiencing loss or anticipating loss of engine power or control. The standard overhead approach starts at a relatively high altitude over a runway ("high key") followed by a continuous 180 degree turn to a high, wide position ("low key") followed by a continuous 180 degree turn final. The standard straight-in pattern starts at a point that results in a straight-in approach with a high rate of descent to the runway. Flameout approaches terminate in the type approach requested by the pilot (normally fullstop).
• FLIGHT CHECK A call-sign prefix used by FAA aircraft engaged in flight inspection/certification of navigational aids and flight procedures. The word "recorded" may be added as a suffix; e.g., "Flight Check 320 recorded" to indicate that an automated flight inspection is in progress in terminal areas. (See FLIGHT INSPECTION.) (Refer to AIM.)
• FLIGHT FOLLOWING (See TRAFFIC ADVISORIES.)
• FLIGHT INFORMATION REGION An airspace of defined dimensions within which Flight Information Service and Alerting Service are provided. a. Flight Information Service. A service provided for the purpose of giving advice and information useful for the safe and efficient conduct of flights. b. Alerting Service. A service provided to notify appropriate organizations regarding aircraft in need of search and rescue aid and to assist such organizations as required.
• FLIGHT INFORMATION SERVICE A service provided for the purpose of giving advice and information useful for the safe and efficient conduct of flights.
• FLIGHT INSPECTION Inflight investigation and evaluation of a navigational aid to determine whether it meets established tolerances. (See NAVIGATIONAL AID.) (See FLIGHT CHECK.)
• FLIGHT LEVEL A level of constant atmospheric pressure related to a reference datum of 29.92 inches of mercury. Each is stated in three digits that represent hundreds of feet. For example, flight level (FL) 250 represents a barometric altimeter indication of 25,000 feet; FL 255, an indication of 25,500 feet. (See ICAO term FLIGHT LEVEL.)
• FLIGHT LEVEL [ICAO] A surface of constant atmospheric pressure which is related to a specific pressure datum, 1013.2 hPa (1013.2 mb), and is separated from other such surfaces by specific pressure intervals. Note 1: A pressure type altimeter calibrated in accordance with the standard atmosphere: a. When set to a QNH altimeter setting, will indicate altitude; b. When set to a QFE altimeter setting, will indicate height above the QFE reference datum; and c. When set to a pressure of 1013.2 hPa (1013.2 mb), may be used to indicate flight levels. Note 2: The terms 'height' and 'altitude,' used in Note 1 above, indicate altimetric rather than geometric heights and altitudes.
• FLIGHT LINE A term used to describe the precise movement of a civil photogrammetric aircraft along a predetermined course(s) at a predetermined altitude during the actual photographic run.
• FLIGHT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS A computer system that uses a large data base to allow routes to be preprogrammed and fed into the system by means of a data loader. The system is constantly updated with respect to position accuracy by reference to conventional navigation aids. The sophisticated program and its associated data base insures that the most appropriate aids are automatically selected during the information update cycle.
• FLIGHT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROCEDURE An arrival, departure, or approach procedure developed for use by aircraft with a slant (/) E or slant (/) F equipment suffix.
• FLIGHT PATH A line, course, or track along which an aircraft is flying or intended to be flown. (See TRACK.) (See COURSE.)
• FLIGHT PLAN Specified information relating to the intended flight of an aircraft that is filed orally or in writing with an FSS or an ATC facility. (See FAST FILE.) (See FILED.) (Refer to AIM.)
• FLIGHT PLAN AREA The geographical area assigned by regional air traffic divisions to a flight service station for the purpose of search and rescue for VFR aircraft, issuance of NOTAMs, pilot briefing, in-flight services, broadcast, emergency services, flight data processing, international operations, and aviation weather services. Three letter identifiers are assigned to every flight service station and are annotated in AFD's and FAAO 7350.7, LOCATION IDENTIFIERS, as tie-in-facilities. (See FAST FILE.) (See FILED.) (Refer to AIM.)
• FLIGHT RECORDER A general term applied to any instrument or device that records information about the performance of an aircraft in flight or about conditions encountered in flight. Flight recorders may make records of airspeed, outside air temperature, vertical acceleration, engine RPM, manifold pressure, and other pertinent variables for a given flight. (See ICAO term FLIGHT RECORDER.)
• FLIGHT RECORDER [ICAO] Any type of recorder installed in the aircraft for the purpose of complementing accident/incident investigation. Note: See Annex 6 Part I, for specifications relating to flight recorders.
• FLIGHT SERVICE STATION Air traffic facilities which provide pilot briefing, en route communications and VFR search and rescue services, assist lost aircraft and aircraft in emergency situations, relay ATC clearances, originate Notices to Airmen, broadcast aviation weather and NAS information, receive and process IFR flight plans, and monitor NAVAID's. In addition, at selected locations, FSS's provide En Route Flight Advisory Service (Flight Watch), take weather observations, issue airport advisories, and advise Customs and Immigration of transborder flights. (Refer to AIM.)
• FLIGHT STANDARDS DISTRICT OFFICE An FAA field office serving an assigned geographical area and staffed with Flight Standards personnel who serve the aviation industry and the general public on matters relating to the certification and operation of air carrier and general aviation aircraft. Activities include general surveillance of operational safety, certification of airmen and aircraft, accident prevention, investigation, enforcement, etc.
• FLIGHT TEST A flight for the purpose of: a. Investigating the operation/flight characteristics of an aircraft or aircraft component. b. Evaluating an applicant for a pilot certificate or rating.
• FLIGHT VISIBILITY (See VISIBILITY.)
• FLIGHT WATCH A shortened term for use in air-ground contacts to identify the flight service station providing En Route Flight Advisory Service; e.g., "Oakland Flight Watch." (See EN ROUTE FLIGHT ADVISORY SERVICE.)
• FLIP (See DOD FLIP.)
• FLOW CONTROL Measures designed to adjust the flow of traffic into a given airspace, along a given route, or bound for a given aerodrome (airport) so as to ensure the most effective utilization of the airspace. (See QUOTA FLOW CONTROL.) (Refer to AIRPORT/FACILITY DIRECTORY.)
• FLY-BY WAYPOINT A fly-by waypoint requires the use of turn anticipation to avoid overshoot of the next flight segment.
• FLY HEADING (DEGREES) Informs the pilot of the heading he should fly. The pilot may have to turn to, or continue on, a specific compass direction in order to comply with the instructions. The pilot is expected to turn in the shorter direction to the heading unless otherwise instructed by ATC.
• FLY-OVER WAYPOINT A fly-over waypoint precludes any turn until the waypoint is overflown and is followed by an intercept maneuver of the next flight segment.
• FMA (See FINAL MONITOR AID.)
• FMS (See FLIGHT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM.)
• FMSP (See FLIGHT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROCEDURE.)
• FORMATION FLIGHT More than one aircraft which, by prior arrangement between the pilots, operate as a single aircraft with regard to navigation and position reporting. Separation between aircraft within the formation is the responsibility of the flight leader and the pilots of the other aircraft in the flight. This includes transition periods when aircraft within the formation are maneuvering to attain separation from each other to effect individual control and during join-up and breakaway. a. A standard formation is one in which a proximity of no more than 1 mile laterally or longitudinally and within 100 feet vertically from the flight leader is maintained by each wingman. b. Nonstandard formations are those operating under any of the following conditions: 1. When the flight leader has requested and ATC has approved other than standard formation dimensions. 2. When operating within an authorized altitude reservation (ALTRV) or under the provisions of a letter of agreement. 3. When the operations are conducted in airspace specifically designed for a special activity. (See ALTITUDE RESERVATION.) (Refer to FAR Part 91.)
• FRC (See REQUEST FULL ROUTE CLEARANCE.)
• FREEZE/FROZEN Terms used in referring to arrivals which have been assigned ACLT's and to the lists in which they are displayed.
• FREEZE CALCULATED LANDING TIME A dynamic parameter number of minutes prior to the meter fix calculated time of arrival for each aircraft when the TCLT is frozen and becomes an ACLT (i.e., the VTA is updated and consequently the TCLT is modified as appropriate until FCLT minutes prior to meter fix calculated time of arrival, at which time updating is suspended and an ACLT and a frozen meter fix crossing time (MFT) is assigned).
• FREEZE SPEED PARAMETER A speed adapted for each aircraft to determine fast and slow aircraft. Fast aircraft freeze on parameter FCLT and slow aircraft freeze on parameter MLDI.
• FRICTION MEASUREMENT A measurement of the friction characteristics of the runway pavement surface using continuous self-watering friction measurement equipment in accordance with the specifications, procedures and schedules contained in AC 150/5320-12, Measurement, Construction, and Maintenance of Skid Resistant Airport Pavement Surfaces.
• FSDO (See FLIGHT STANDARDS DISTRICT OFFICE.)
• FSPD (See FREEZE SPEED PARAMETER.)
• FSS (See FLIGHT SERVICE STATION.)
• FUEL DUMPING Airborne release of usable fuel. This does not include the dropping of fuel tanks. (See JETTISONING OF EXTERNAL STORES.)
• FUEL REMAINING A phrase used by either pilots or controllers when relating to the fuel remaining on board until actual fuel exhaustion. When transmitting such information in response to either a controller question or pilot initiated cautionary advisory to air traffic control, pilots will state the APPROXIMATE NUMBER OF MINUTES the flight can continue with the fuel remaining. All reserve fuel SHOULD BE INCLUDED in the time stated, as should an allowance for established fuel gauge system error.
• FUEL SIPHONING Unintentional release of fuel caused by overflow, puncture, loose cap, etc.
• FUEL VENTING (See FUEL SIPHONING.)
• GATE HOLD PROCEDURES Procedures at selected airports to hold aircraft at the gate or other ground location whenever departure delays exceed or are anticipated to exceed 15 minutes. The sequence for departure will be maintained in accordance with initial call-up unless modified by flow control restrictions. Pilots should monitor the ground control/clearance delivery frequency for engine start/taxi advisories or new proposed start/taxi time if the delay changes. (See FLOW CONTROL.)
• GCA (See GROUND CONTROLLED APPROACH.)
• GENERAL AVIATION That portion of civil aviation which encompasses all facets of aviation except air carriers holding a certificate of public convenience and necessity from the Civil Aeronautics Board and large aircraft commercial operators. (See ICAO term GENERAL AVIATION.)
• GENERAL AVIATION [ICAO] All civil aviation operations other than scheduled air services and nonscheduled air transport operations for remuneration or hire.
• GEO MAP The digitized map markings associated with the ASR-9 Radar System.
• GLIDEPATH (See GLIDESLOPE.)
• GLIDEPATH INTERCEPT ALTITUDE (See GLIDESLOPE INTERCEPT ALTITUDE.)
• GLIDESLOPE Provides vertical guidance for aircraft during approach and landing. The glideslope/glidepath is based on the following: a. Electronic components emitting signals which provide vertical guidance by reference to airborne instruments during instrument approaches such as ILS/MLS, or b. Visual ground aids, such as VASI, which provide vertical guidance for a VFR approach or for the visual portion of an instrument approach and landing. c. PAR. Used by ATC to inform an aircraft making a PAR approach of its vertical position (elevation) relative to the descent profile. (See ICAO term GLIDEPATH.)
• GLIDEPATH [ICAO] A descent profile determined for vertical guidance during a final approach.
• GLIDESLOPE INTERCEPT ALTITUDE The minimum altitude to intercept the glideslope/path on a precision approach. The intersection of the published intercept altitude with the glideslope/path, designated on Government charts by the lightning bolt symbol, is the precision FAF; however, when the approach chart shows an alternative lower glideslope intercept altitude, and ATC directs a lower altitude, the resultant lower intercept position is then the FAF. (See FINAL APPROACH FIX.) (See SEGMENTS OF AN INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE.)
• GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) A space- base radio positioning, navigation, and time-transfer system. The system provides highly accurate position and velocity information, and precise time, on a continuous global basis, to an unlimited number of properly equipped users. The system is unaffected by weather, and provides a worldwide common grid reference system. The GPS concept is predicated upon accurate and continuous knowledge of the spatial position of each satellite in the system with respect to time and distance from a transmitting satellite to the user. The GPS receiver automatically selects appropriate signals from the satellites in view and translates these into three-dimensional position, velocity, and time. System accuracy for civil users is normally 100 meters horizontally.
• GO AHEAD Proceed with your message. Not to be used for any other purpose.
• GO AROUND Instructions for a pilot to abandon his approach to landing. Additional instructions may follow. Unless otherwise advised by ATC, a VFR aircraft or an aircraft conducting visual approach should overfly the runway while climbing to traffic pattern altitude and enter the traffic pattern via the crosswind leg. A pilot on an IFR flight plan making an instrument approach should execute the published missed approach procedure or proceed as instructed by ATC; e.g., "Go around" (additional instructions if required). (See LOW APPROACH.) (See MISSED APPROACH.)
• GPD (See GRAPHIC PLAN DISPLAY.)
• GPS (See GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM.)
• GRAPHIC PLAN DISPLAY (GPD) A view available with URET CCLD that provides a graphic display of aircraft, traffic, and notification of predicted conflicts. Graphic routes for Current Plans and Trial Plans are displayed upon controller request. (See USER REQUEST EVALUATION TOOL CORE CAPABILITY LIMITED DEPLOYMENT.)
• GROUND CLUTTER A pattern produced on the radar scope by ground returns which may degrade other radar returns in the affected area. The effect of ground clutter is minimized by the use of moving target indicator (MTI) circuits in the radar equipment resulting in a radar presentation which displays only targets which are in motion. (See CLUTTER.)
• GROUND COMMUNICATION OUTLET (GCO) An unstaffed, remotely controlled, ground/ground communications facility. Pilots at uncontrolled airports may contact ATC and FSS via VHF to a telephone connection to obtain an instrument clearance or close a VFR or IFR flight plan. They may also get an updated weather briefing prior to take-off. Pilots will use four "key clicks" on the VHF radio to contact the appropriate ATC facility or six "key clicks" to contact the FSS. The GCO system is intended to be used only on the ground.
• GROUND CONTROLLED APPROACH A radar approach system operated from the ground by air traffic control personnel transmitting instructions to the pilot by radio. The approach may be conducted with surveillance radar (ASR) only or with both surveillance and precision approach radar (PAR). Usage of the term "GCA" by pilots is discouraged except when referring to a GCA facility. Pilots should specifically request a "PAR" approach when a precision radar approach is desired or request an "ASR" or "surveillance" approach when a nonprecision radar approach is desired. (See RADAR APPROACH.)
• GROUND DELAY The amount of delay attributed to ATC, encountered prior to departure, usually associated with a CDT program.
• GROUND SPEED The speed of an aircraft relative to the surface of the earth.
• GROUND STOP Normally, the last initiative to be utilized; this method mandates that the terminal facility will not allow any departures to enter the ARTCC airspace until further notified.
• HAA (See HEIGHT ABOVE AIRPORT.)
• HAL (See HEIGHT ABOVE LANDING.)
• HANDOFF An action taken to transfer the radar identification of an aircraft from one controller to another if the aircraft will enter the receiving controller's airspace and radio communications with the aircraft will be transferred.
• HAT (See HEIGHT ABOVE TOUCHDOWN.)
• HAVE NUMBERS Used by pilots to inform ATC that they have received runway, wind, and altimeter information only.
• HAZARDOUS INFLIGHT WEATHER ADVISORY SERVICE Continuous recorded hazardous inflight weather forecasts broadcasted to airborne pilots over selected VOR outlets defined as an HIWAS BROADCAST AREA.
• HAZARDOUS WEATHER INFORMATION Summary of significant meteorological information (SIGMET/WS), convective significant meteorological information (convective SIGMET/WST), urgent pilot weather reports (urgent PIREP/UUA), center weather advisories (CWA), airmen's meteorological information (AIRMET/WA) and any other weather such as isolated thunderstorms that are rapidly developing and increasing in intensity, or low ceilings and visibilities that are becoming widespread which is considered significant and are not included in a current hazardous weather advisory.
• HEAVY (AIRCRAFT) (See AIRCRAFT CLASSES.)
• HEIGHT ABOVE AIRPORT The height of the Minimum Descent Altitude above the published airport elevation. This is published in conjunction with circling minimums. (See MINIMUM DESCENT ALTITUDE.)
• HEIGHT ABOVE LANDING The height above a designated helicopter landing area used for helicopter instrument approach procedures. (Refer to FAR Part 97.)
• HEIGHT ABOVE TOUCHDOWN The height of the Decision Height or Minimum Descent Altitude above the highest runway elevation in the touchdown zone (first 3,000 feet of the runway). HAT is published on instrument approach charts in conjunction with all straight-in minimums. (See DECISION HEIGHT.) (See MINIMUM DESCENT ALTITUDE.)
• HELICOPTER Rotorcraft that, for its horizontal motion, depends principally on its engine-driven rotors. (See ICAO term HELICOPTER.)
• HELICOPTER [ICAO] A heavier-than-air aircraft supported in flight chiefly by the reactions of the air on one or more power-driven rotors on substantially vertical axes.
• HELIPAD A small, designated area, usually with a prepared surface, on a heliport, airport, landing/takeoff area, apron/ramp, or movement area used for takeoff, landing, or parking of helicopters.
• HELIPORT An area of land, water, or structure used or intended to be used for the landing and takeoff of helicopters and includes its buildings and facilities if any.
• HELIPORT REFERENCE POINT (HRP) The geographic center of a heliport.
• HERTZ The standard radio equivalent of frequency in cycles per second of an electromagnetic wave. Kilohertz (kHz) is a frequency of one thousand cycles per second. Megahertz (mHz) is a frequency of one million cycles per second.
• HF (See HIGH FREQUENCY.)
• HF COMMUNICATIONS (See HIGH FREQUENCY COMMUNICATIONS.)
• HIGH FREQUENCY The frequency band between 3 and 30 mHz. (See HIGH FREQUENCY COMMUNICATIONS.)
• HIGH FREQUENCY COMMUNICATIONS High radio frequencies (HF) between 3 and 30 mHz used for air-to-ground voice communication in overseas operations.
• HIGH SPEED EXIT (See HIGH SPEED TAXIWAY.)
• HIGH SPEED TAXIWAY A long radius taxiway designed and provided with lighting or marking to define the path of aircraft, traveling at high speed (up to 60 knots), from the runway center to a point on the center of a taxiway. Also referred to as long radius exit or turn-off taxiway. The high speed taxiway is designed to expedite aircraft turning off the runway after landing, thus reducing runway occupancy time.
• HIGH SPEED TURNOFF (See HIGH SPEED TAXIWAY.)
• HIWAS (See HAZARDOUS INFLIGHT WEATHER ADVISORY SERVICE.)
• HIWAS AREA (See HAZARDOUS INFLIGHT WEATHER ADVISORY SERVICE.)
• HIWAS BROADCAST AREA A geographical area of responsibility including one or more HIWAS outlet areas assigned to an AFSS/FSS for hazardous weather advisory broadcasting.
• HIWAS OUTLET AREA An area defined as a 150 NM radius of a HIWAS outlet, expanded as necessary to provide coverage.
• HOLDING PROCEDURE (See HOLD PROCEDURE.)
• HOLD PROCEDURE A predetermined maneuver which keeps aircraft within a specified airspace while awaiting further clearance from air traffic control. Also used during ground operations to keep aircraft within a specified area or at a specified point while awaiting further clearance from air traffic control. (See HOLDING FIX.) (Refer to AIM.)
• HOLD-SHORT POINT A point on the runway beyond which a landing aircraft with a LAHSO clearance is not authorized to proceed. This point may be located prior to an intersecting runway, taxiway, predetermined point, or approach/departure flight path.
• HOLDING FIX A specified fix identifiable to a pilot by NAVAID's or visual reference to the ground used as a reference point in establishing and maintaining the position of an aircraft while holding. (See FIX.) (See VISUAL HOLDING.) (Refer to AIM.)
• HOLDING POINT [ICAO] A specified location, identified by visual or other means, in the vicinity of which the position of an aircraft in flight is maintained in accordance with air traffic control clearances.
• HOLD FOR RELEASE Used by ATC to delay an aircraft for traffic management reasons; i.e., weather, traffic volume, etc. Hold for release instructions (including departure delay information) are used to inform a pilot or a controller (either directly or through an authorized relay) that an IFR departure clearance is not valid until a release time or additional instructions have been received. (See ICAO term HOLDING POINT.)
• HOLD-SHORT POSITION MARKING The painted runway marking located at the hold-short point on all LAHSO runways.
• HOLD-SHORT POSITION LIGHTS Flashing in-pavement white lights located at specified hold-short points.
• HOLD-SHORT POSITION SIGNS Red and white holding position signs located alongside the hold-short point.
• HOMING Flight toward a NAVAID, without correcting for wind, by adjusting the aircraft heading to maintain a relative bearing of zero degrees. (See BEARING.) (See ICAO term HOMING.)
• HOMING [ICAO] The procedure of using the direction-finding equipment of one radio station with the emission of another radio station, where at least one of the stations is mobile, and whereby the mobile station proceeds continuously towards the other station.
• HOVER CHECK Used to describe when a helicopter/VTOL aircraft requires a stabilized hover to conduct a performance/power check prior to hover taxi, air taxi, or takeoff. Altitude of the hover will vary based on the purpose of the check.
• HOVER TAXI Used to describe a helicopter/VTOL aircraft movement conducted above the surface and in ground effect at airspeeds less than approximately 20 knots. The actual height may vary, and some helicopters may require hover taxi above 25 feet AGL to reduce ground effect turbulence or provide clearance for cargo slingloads. (See AIR TAXI.) (See HOVER CHECK.) (Refer to AIM.)
• HOW DO YOU HEAR ME? A question relating to the quality of the transmission or to determine how well the transmission is being received.
• IAF (See INITIAL APPROACH FIX.)
• IAP (See INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE.)
• IAWP Initial Approach Waypoint
• ICAO (See ICAO Term INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION.)
• ICING The accumulation of airframe ice. Types of icing are: a. Rime Ice- Rough, milky, opaque ice formed by the instantaneous freezing of small supercooled water droplets. b. Clear Ice- A glossy, clear, or translucent ice formed by the relatively slow freezing or large supercooled water droplets. c. Mixed- A mixture of clear ice and rime ice. Intensity of icing: a. Trace- Ice becomes perceptible. Rate of accumulation is slightly greater than the rate of sublimation. Deicing/anti-icing equipment is not utilized unless encountered for an extended period of time (over 1 hour). b. Light- The rate of accumulation may create a problem if flight is prolonged in this environment (over 1 hour). Occasional use of deicing/anti-icing equipment removes/prevents accumulation. It does not present a problem if the deicing/anti-icing equipment is used. c. Moderate- The rate of accumulation is such that even short encounters become potentially hazardous and use of deicing/anti-icing equipment or flight diversion is necessary. d. Severe- The rate of accumulation is such that deicing/anti-icing equipment fails to reduce or control the hazard. Immediate flight diversion is necessary.
• IDENT A request for a pilot to activate the aircraft transponder identification feature. This will help the controller to confirm an aircraft identity or to identify an aircraft. (Refer to AIM.)
• IDENT FEATURE The special feature in the Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS) equipment. It is used to immediately distinguish one displayed beacon target from other beacon targets. (See IDENT.)
• IF (See INTERMEDIATE FIX.)
• IFIM (See INTERNATIONAL FLIGHT INFORMATION MANUAL.)
• IF NO TRANSMISSION RECEIVED FOR (TIME) Used by ATC in radar approaches to prefix procedures which should be followed by the pilot in event of lost communications. (See LOST COMMUNICATIONS.)
• IFR (See INSTRUMENT FLIGHT RULES.)
• IFR AIRCRAFT An aircraft conducting flight in accordance with instrument flight rules.
• IFR CONDITIONS Weather conditions below the minimum for flight under visual flight rules. (See INSTRUMENT METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS.)
• IFR DEPARTURE PROCEDURE (See IFR TAKEOFF MINIMUMS AND DEPARTURE PROCEDURES.) (Refer to AIM.)
• IFR FLIGHT (See IFR AIRCRAFT.)
• IFR LANDING MINIMUMS (See LANDING MINIMUMS.)
• IFR MILITARY TRAINING ROUTES (IR) Routes used by the Department of Defense and associated Reserve and Air Guard units for the purpose of conducting low-altitude navigation and tactical training in both IFR and VFR weather conditions below 10,000 feet MSL at airspeeds in excess of 250 knots IAS.
• IFR TAKEOFF MINIMUMS AND DEPARTURE PROCEDURES Federal Aviation Regulations, Part 91, prescribes standard takeoff rules for certain civil users. At some airports, obstructions or other factors require the establishment of nonstandard takeoff minimums, departure procedures, or both to assist pilots in avoiding obstacles during climb to the minimum en route altitude. Those airports are listed in NOS/DOD Instrument Approach Charts (IAP's) under a section entitled "IFR Takeoff Minimums and Departure Procedures." The NOS/DOD IAP chart legend illustrates the symbol used to alert the pilot to nonstandard takeoff minimums and departure procedures. When departing IFR from such airports or from any airports where there are no departure procedures, DP's, or ATC facilities available, pilots should advise ATC of any departure limitations. Controllers may query a pilot to determine acceptable departure directions, turns, or headings after takeoff. Pilots should be familiar with the departure procedures and must assure that their aircraft can meet or exceed any specified climb gradients.
• IF/IAWP Intermediate Fix/Initial Approach Waypoint. The waypoint where the final approach course of a T approach meets the crossbar of the T. When designated (in conjunction with a TAA) this waypoint will be used as an IAWP when approaching the airport from certain directions, and as an IFWP when beginning the approach from another IAWP.
• IFWP Intermediate Fix Waypoint
• ILS (See INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM.)
• ILS CATEGORIES 1. ILS Category I. An ILS approach procedure which provides for approach to a height above touchdown of not less than 200 feet and with runway visual range of not less than 1,800 feet.- 2. ILS Category II. An ILS approach procedure which provides for approach to a height above touchdown of not less than 100 feet and with runway visual range of not less than 1,200 feet.- 3. ILS Category III: a. IIIA.-An ILS approach procedure which provides for approach without a decision height minimum and with runway visual range of not less than 700 feet. b. IIIB.-An ILS approach procedure which provides for approach without a decision height minimum and with runway visual range of not less than 150 feet. c. IIIC.-An ILS approach procedure which provides for approach without a decision height minimum and without runway visual range minimum.
• ILS PRM APPROACH An instrument landing system (ILS) approach conducted to parallel runways whose extended centerlines are separated by less than 4,300 feet and the parallel runways have a Precision Runway Monitoring (PRM) system that permits simultaneous independent ILS approaches.
• IM (See INNER MARKER.)
• IMC (See INSTRUMENT METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS.)
• IMMEDIATELY Used by ATC or pilots when such action compliance is required to avoid an imminent situation.
• INCERFA Uncertainty Phase) [ICAO] A situation wherein uncertainty exists as to the safety of an aircraft and its occupants.
• INCREASE SPEED TO (SPEED) (See SPEED ADJUSTMENT.)
• INERTIAL NAVIGATION SYSTEM An RNAV system which is a form of self-contained navigation. (See AREA NAVIGATION/RNAV.)
• INFLIGHT REFUELING (See AERIAL REFUELING.)
• INFLIGHT WEATHER ADVISORY (See WEATHER ADVISORY.)
• INFORMATION REQUEST A request originated by an FSS for information concerning an overdue VFR aircraft.
• INITIAL APPROACH FIX The fixes depicted on instrument approach procedure charts that identify the beginning of the initial approach segment(s). (See FIX.) (See SEGMENTS OF AN INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE.)
• INITIAL APPROACH SEGMENT (See SEGMENTS OF AN INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE.)
• INITIAL APPROACH SEGMENT [ICAO] That segment of an instrument approach procedure between the initial approach fix and the intermediate approach fix or, where applicable, the final approach fix or point.
• INLAND NAVIGATION FACILITY A navigation aid on a North American Route at which the common route and/or the noncommon route begins or ends.
• INNER MARKER A marker beacon used with an ILS (CAT II) precision approach located between the middle marker and the end of the ILS runway, transmitting a radiation pattern keyed at six dots per second and indicating to the pilot, both aurally and visually, that he is at the designated decision height (DH), normally 100 feet above the touchdown zone elevation, on the ILS CAT II approach. It also marks progress during a CAT III approach. (See INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM.) (Refer to AIM.)
• INNER MARKER BEACON (See INNER MARKER.)
• INREQ (See INFORMATION REQUEST.)
• INS (See INERTIAL NAVIGATION SYSTEM.)
• INSTRUMENT APPROACH (See INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE.)
• INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE A series of predetermined maneuvers for the orderly transfer of an aircraft under instrument flight conditions from the beginning of the initial approach to a landing or to a point from which a landing may be made visually. It is prescribed and approved for a specific airport by competent authority. (See SEGMENTS OF AN INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE.) (Refer to FAR Part 91.) (See AIM.) a. U.S. civil standard instrument approach procedures are approved by the FAA as prescribed under Part 97 and are available for public use. b. U.S. military standard instrument approach procedures are approved and published by the Department of Defense. c. Special instrument approach procedures are approved by the FAA for individual operators but are not published in Part 97 for public use. (See ICAO term INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE.)
• INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE [ICAO] A series of predetermined maneuvers by reference to flight instruments with specified protection from obstacles from the initial approach fix, or where applicable, from the beginning of a defined arrival route to a point from which a landing can be completed and thereafter, if a landing is not completed, to a position at which holding or en route obstacle clearance criteria apply.
• INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURES CHARTS (See AERONAUTICAL CHART.)
• INSTRUMENT DEPARTURE PROCEDURE (DP) A preplanned instrument flight rule (IFR) air traffic control departure procedure printed for pilot use in graphic and/or textual form. DP's provide transition from the terminal to the appropriate en route structure. (See IFR TAKEOFF MINIMUMS AND DEPARTURE PROCEDURES.) (Refer to AIM.)
• INSTRUMENT DEPARTURE PROCEDURE (DP) CHARTS (See AERONAUTICAL CHART.)
• INSTRUMENT FLIGHT RULES Rules governing the procedures for conducting instrument flight. Also a term used by pilots and controllers to indicate type of flight plan. (See VISUAL FLIGHT RULES.) (See INSTRUMENT METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS.) (See VISUAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS.) (Refer to AIM.) (See ICAO term INSTRUMENT FLIGHT RULES.)
• INSTRUMENT FLIGHT RULES [ICAO] A set of rules governing the conduct of flight under instrument meteorological conditions.
• INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM A precision instrument approach system which normally consists of the following electronic components and visual aids: a. Localizer. (See LOCALIZER.) b. Glideslope. (See GLIDESLOPE.) c. Outer Marker. (See OUTER MARKER.) d. Middle Marker. (See MIDDLE MARKER.) e. Approach Lights. (See AIRPORT LIGHTING.) (Refer to FAR Part 91.) (See AIM.)
• INSTRUMENT METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS Meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling less than the minima specified for visual meteorological conditions. (See VISUAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS.) (See INSTRUMENT FLIGHT RULES.) (See VISUAL FLIGHT RULES.)
• INSTRUMENT RUNWAY A runway equipped with electronic and visual navigation aids for which a precision or nonprecision approach procedure having straight-in landing minimums has been approved. (See ICAO term INSTRUMENT RUNWAY.)
• INSTRUMENT RUNWAY [ICAO] One of the following types of runways intended for the operation of aircraft using instrument approach procedures: a. Nonprecision Approach Runway-An instrument runway served by visual aids and a nonvisual aid providing at least directional guidance adequate for a straight-in approach. b. Precision Approach Runway, Category I-An instrument runway served by ILS and visual aids intended for operations down to 60 m (200 feet) decision height and down to an RVR of the order of 800 m. c. Precision Approach Runway, Category II-An instrument runway served by ILS and visual aids intended for operations down to 30 m (100 feet) decision height and down to an RVR of the order of 400 m. d. Precision Approach Runway, Category III-An instrument runway served by ILS to and along the surface of the runway and: 1. Intended for operations down to an RVR of the order of 200 m (no decision height being applicable) using visual aids during the final phase of landing; 2. Intended for operations down to an RVR of the order of 50 m (no decision height being applicable) using visual aids for taxiing; 3. Intended for operations without reliance on visual reference for landing or taxiing. Note 1: See Annex 10 Volume I, Part I, Chapter 3, for related ILS specifications. Note 2: Visual aids need not necessarily be matched to the scale of nonvisual aids provided. The criterion for the selection of visual aids is the conditions in which operations are intended to be conducted.
• INTEGRITY The ability of a system to provide timely warnings to users when the system should not be used for navigation.
• INTERMEDIATE APPROACH SEGMENT (See SEGMENTS OF AN INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE.)
• INTERMEDIATE APPROACH SEGMENT [ICAO] That segment of an instrument approach procedure between either the intermediate approach fix and the final approach fix or point, or between the end of a reversal, race track or dead reckoning track procedure and the final approach fix or point, as appropriate.
• INTERMEDIATE FIX The fix that identifies the beginning of the intermediate approach segment of an instrument approach procedure. The fix is not normally identified on the instrument approach chart as an intermediate fix (IF). (See SEGMENTS OF AN INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE.)
• INTERMEDIATE LANDING On the rare occasion that this option is requested, it should be approved. The departure center, however, must advise the ATCSCC so that the appropriate delay is carried over and assigned at the intermediate airport. An intermediate landing airport within the arrival center will not be accepted without coordination with and the approval of the ATCSCC.
• INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT Relating to international flight, it means: a. An airport of entry which has been designated by the Secretary of Treasury or Commissioner of Customs as an international airport for customs service. b. A landing rights airport at which specific permission to land must be obtained from customs authorities in advance of contemplated use. c. Airports designated under the Convention on International Civil Aviation as an airport for use by international commercial air transport and/or international general aviation. (Refer to AIRPORT/FACILITY DIRECTORY.) (Refer to IFIM.) (See ICAO term INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT.)
• INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT [ICAO] Any airport designated by the Contracting State in whose territory it is situated as an airport of entry and departure for international air traffic, where the formalities incident to customs, immigration, public health, animal and plant quarantine and similar procedures are carried out.
• INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION [ICAO] A specialized agency of the United Nations whose objective is to develop the principles and techniques of international air navigation and to foster planning and development of international civil air transport. a. Regions include: 1. African-Indian Ocean Region 2. Caribbean Region 3. European Region 4. Middle East/Asia Region 5. North American Region 6. North Atlantic Region 7. Pacific Region 8. South American Region
• INTERNATIONAL FLIGHT INFORMATION MANUAL A publication designed primarily as a pilot's preflight planning guide for flights into foreign airspace and for flights returning to the U.S. from foreign locations.
• INTERROGATOR The ground-based surveillance radar beacon transmitter-receiver, which normally scans in synchronism with a primary radar, transmitting discrete radio signals which repetitiously request all transponders on the mode being used to reply. The replies received are mixed with the primary radar returns and displayed on the same plan position indicator (radar scope). Also, applied to the airborne element of the TACAN/DME system. (See TRANSPONDER.) (Refer to AIM.)
• INTERSECTING RUNWAYS Two or more runways which cross or meet within their lengths. (See INTERSECTION.)
• INTERSECTION a. A point defined by any combination of courses, radials, or bearings of two or more navigational aids. b. Used to describe the point where two runways, a runway and a taxiway, or two taxiways cross or meet.
• INTERSECTION DEPARTURE A departure from any runway intersection except the end of the runway. (See INTERSECTION.)
• INTERSECTION TAKEOFF (See INTERSECTION DEPARTURE.)
• IR (See IFR MILITARY TRAINING ROUTES.)
• I SAY AGAIN The message will be repeated.
• JAMMING Electronic or mechanical interference which may disrupt the display of aircraft on radar or the transmission/reception of radio communications/navigation.
• JET BLAST Jet engine exhaust (thrust stream turbulence). (See WAKE TURBULENCE.)
• JET ROUTE A route designed to serve aircraft operations from 18,000 feet MSL up to and including flight level 450. The routes are referred to as "J" routes with numbering to identify the designated route; e.g., J105. (See CLASS A AIRSPACE.) (Refer to FAR Part 71.)
• JET STREAM A migrating stream of high-speed winds present at high altitudes.
• JETTISONING OF EXTERNAL STORES Airborne release of external stores; e.g., tiptanks, ordnance. (See FUEL DUMPING.) (Refer to FAR Part 91.)
• JOINT USE RESTRICTED AREA (See RESTRICTED AREA.) KNOWN TRAFFIC
• LAA (See LOCAL AIRPORT ADVISORY.)
• LAAS (See LOW ALTITUDE ALERT SYSTEM.)
• LAHSO An acronym for "Land and Hold Short Operation." These operations include landing and holding short of an intersecting runway, a taxiway, a predetermined point, or an approach/departure flightpath.
• LAHSO-DRY Land and hold short operations on runways that are dry.
• LAHSO-WET Land and hold short operations on runways that are wet (but not contaminated).
• LAND AND HOLD SHORT OPERATIONS Operations which include simultaneous takeoffs and landings and/or simultaneous landings when a landing aircraft is able and is instructed by the controller to hold-short of the intersecting runway/taxiway or designated hold-short point. Pilots are expected to promptly inform the controller if the hold short clearance cannot be accepted. (See PARALLEL RUNWAYS.) (Refer to AIM.)
• LANDING AREA Any locality either on land, water, or structures, including airports/heliports and intermediate landing fields, which is used, or intended to be used, for the landing and takeoff of aircraft whether or not facilities are provided for the shelter, servicing, or for receiving or discharging passengers or cargo. (See ICAO term LANDING AREA.)
• LANDING AREA [ICAO] That part of a movement area intended for the landing or takeoff of aircraft.
• LANDING DIRECTION INDICATOR A device which visually indicates the direction in which landings and takeoffs should be made. (See TETRAHEDRON.) (Refer to AIM.)
• LANDING DISTANCE AVAILABLE [ICAO] The length of runway which is declared available and suitable for the ground run of an aeroplane landing.
• LANDING MINIMUMS The minimum visibility prescribed for landing a civil aircraft while using an instrument approach procedure. The minimum applies with other limitations set forth in FAR Part 91 with respect to the Minimum Descent Altitude (MDA) or Decision Height (DH) prescribed in the instrument approach procedures as follows: a. Straight-in landing minimums. A statement of MDA and visibility, or DH and visibility, required for a straight - in landing on a specified runway, or b. Circling minimums. A statement of MDA and visibility required for the circle-to-land maneuver. Note: Descent below the established MDA or DH is not authorized during an approach unless the aircraft is in a position from which a normal approach to the runway of intended landing can be made and adequate visual reference to required visual cues is maintained. (See STRAIGHT-IN LANDING.) (See CIRCLE-TO-LAND MANEUVER.) (See DECISION HEIGHT.) (See MINIMUM DESCENT ALTITUDE.) (See VISIBILITY.) (See INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE.) (Refer to FAR Part 91.)
• LANDING ROLL The distance from the point of touchdown to the point where the aircraft can be brought to a stop or exit the runway.
• LANDING SEQUENCE The order in which aircraft are positioned for landing. (See APPROACH SEQUENCE.)
• LAST ASSIGNED ALTITUDE The last altitude/flight level assigned by ATC and acknowledged by the pilot. (See MAINTAIN.) (Refer to FAR Part 91.)
• LATERAL NAVIGATION (LNAV) A function of area navigation (RNAV) equipment which calculates, displays, and provides lateral guidance to a profile or path.
• LATERAL SEPARATION The lateral spacing of aircraft at the same altitude by requiring operation on different routes or in different geographical locations. (See SEPARATION.)
• LDA (See LOCALIZER TYPE DIRECTIONAL AID.) (See ICAO Term LANDING DISTANCE AVAILABLE.)
• LF (See LOW FREQUENCY.)
• LIGHTED AIRPORT An airport where runway and obstruction lighting is available. (See AIRPORT LIGHTING.) (Refer to AIM.)
• LIGHT GUN A handheld directional light signaling device which emits a brilliant narrow beam of white, green, or red light as selected by the tower controller. The color and type of light transmitted can be used to approve or disapprove anticipated pilot actions where radio communication is not available. The light gun is used for controlling traffic operating in the vicinity of the airport and on the airport movement area. (Refer to AIM.)
• LOCALIZER The component of an ILS which provides course guidance to the runway. (See INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM.) (Refer to AIM.) (See ICAO term LOCALIZER COURSE.)
• LOCALIZER COURSE [ICAO] The locus of points, in any given horizontal plane, at which the DDM (difference in depth of modulation) is zero.
• LOCALIZER OFFSET An angular offset of the localizer from the runway extended centerline in a direction away from the no transgression zone (NTZ) that increases the normal operating zone (NOZ) width. An offset requires a 50 foot increase in DH and is not authorized for CAT II and CAT III approaches.
• LOCALIZER TYPE DIRECTIONAL AID A NAVAID used for nonprecision instrument approaches with utility and accuracy comparable to a localizer but which is not a part of a complete ILS and is not aligned with the runway. (Refer to AIM.)
• LOCALIZER USABLE DISTANCE The maximum distance from the localizer transmitter at a specified altitude, as verified by flight inspection, at which reliable course information is continuously received. (Refer to AIM.)
• LOCAL AIRPORT ADVISORY [LAA] A service provided by flight service stations or the military at airports not serviced by an operating control tower. This service consists of providing information to arriving and departing aircraft concerning wind direction and speed, favored runway, altimeter setting, pertinent known traffic, pertinent known field conditions, airport taxi routes and traffic patterns, and authorized instrument approach procedures. This information is advisory in nature and does not constitute an ATC clearance. (See AIRPORT ADVISORY AREA.)
• LOCAL TRAFFIC Aircraft operating in the traffic pattern or within sight of the tower, or aircraft known to be departing or arriving from flight in local practice areas, or aircraft executing practice instrument approaches at the airport. (See TRAFFIC PATTERN.)
• LOCATOR [ICAO] An LM/MF NDB used as an aid to final approach. Note: A locator usually has an average radius of rated coverage of between 18.5 and 46.3 km (10 and 25 NM).
• LONGITUDINAL SEPARATION The longitudinal spacing of aircraft at the same altitude by a minimum distance expressed in units of time or miles. (See SEPARATION.) (Refer to AIM.)
• LONG RANGE NAVIGATION (See LORAN.)
• LORAN An electronic navigational system by which hyperbolic lines of position are determined by measuring the difference in the time of reception of synchronized pulse signals from two fixed transmitters. Loran A operates in the 1750-1950 kHz frequency band. Loran C and D operate in the 100-110 kHz frequency band. (Refer to AIM.)
• LOST COMMUNICATIONS Loss of the ability to communicate by radio. Aircraft are sometimes referred to as NORDO (No Radio). Standard pilot procedures are specified in Part 91. Radar controllers issue procedures for pilots to follow in the event of lost communications during a radar approach when weather reports indicate that an aircraft will likely encounter IFR weather conditions during the approach. (Refer to FAR Part 91.) (Refer AIM.)
• LOW ALTITUDE AIRWAY STRUCTURE The network of airways serving aircraft operations up to but not including 18,000 feet MSL. (See AIRWAY.) (Refer to AIM.)
• LOW ALTITUDE ALERT, CHECK YOUR ALTITUDE IMMEDIATELY (See SAFETY ALERT.)
• LOW ALTITUDE ALERT SYSTEM An automated function of the TPX-42 that alerts the controller when a Mode C transponder - equipped aircraft on an IFR flight plan is below a predetermined minimum safe altitude. If requested by the pilot, LAAS monitoring is also available to VFR Mode C transponder - equipped aircraft.
• LOW APPROACH An approach over an airport or runway following an instrument approach or a VFR approach including the go - around maneuver where the pilot intentionally does not make contact with the runway. (Refer to AIM.)
• LOW FREQUENCY The frequency band between 30 and 300 kHz. (Refer to AIM.)
• M-EARTS (See MICRO-EN ROUTE AUTOMATED RADAR TRACKING SYSTEM.)
• MAA (See MAXIMUM AUTHORIZED ALTITUDE.)
• MACH NUMBER The ratio of true airspeed to the speed of sound; e.g., MACH .82, MACH 1.6. (See AIRSPEED.)
• MACH TECHNIQUE [ICAO] Describes a control technique used by air traffic control whereby turbojet aircraft operating successively along suitable routes are cleared to maintain appropriate MACH numbers for a relevant portion of the en route phase of flight. The principle objective is to achieve improved utilization of the airspace and to ensure that separation between successive aircraft does not decrease below the established minima.
• MAHWP Missed Approach Holding Waypoint
• MAINTAIN a. Concerning altitude/flight level, the term means to remain at the altitude/flight level specified. The phrase "climb and" or "descend and" normally precedes "maintain" and the altitude assignment; e.g., "descend and maintain 5,000." b. Concerning other ATC instructions, the term is used in its literal sense; e.g., maintain VFR.
• MAINTENANCE PLANNING FRICTION LEVEL The friction level specified in AC 150/5320-12, Measurement, Construction, and Maintenance of Skid Resistant Airport Pavement Surfaces, which represents the friction value below which the runway pavement surface remains acceptable for any category or class of aircraft operations but which is beginning to show signs of deterioration. This value will vary depending on the particular friction measurement equipment used.
• MAKE SHORT APPROACH Used by ATC to inform a pilot to alter his traffic pattern so as to make a short final approach. (See TRAFFIC PATTERN.)
• MANDATORY ALTITUDE An altitude depicted on an instrument Approach Procedure Chart requiring the aircraft to maintain altitude at the depicted value.
• MAP (See MISSED APPROACH POINT.)
• MARKER BEACON An electronic navigation facility transmitting a 75 mHz vertical fan or boneshaped radiation pattern. Marker beacons are identified by their modulation frequency and keying code, and when received by compatible airborne equipment, indicate to the pilot, both aurally and visually, that he is passing over the facility. (See OUTER MARKER.) (See MIDDLE MARKER.) (See INNER MARKER.) (Refer to AIM.)
• MARSA (See MILITARY AUTHORITY ASSUMES RESPONSIBILITY FOR SEPARATION OF AIRCRAFT.)
• MAWP Missed Approach Waypoint
• MAXIMUM AUTHORIZED ALTITUDE A published altitude representing the maximum usable altitude or flight level for an airspace structure or route segment. It is the highest altitude on a Federal airway, jet route, area navigation low or high route, or other direct route for which an MEA is designated in Part 95 at which adequate reception of navigation aid signals is assured.
• MAYDAY The international radiotelephony distress signal. When repeated three times, it indicates imminent and grave danger and that immediate assistance is requested. (See PAN-PAN.) (Refer to AIM.)
• MCA (See MINIMUM CROSSING ALTITUDE.)
• MDA (See MINIMUM DESCENT ALTITUDE.)
• MEA (See MINIMUM EN ROUTE IFR ALTITUDE.)
• METEOROLOGICAL IMPACT STATEMENT An unscheduled planning forecast describing conditions expected to begin within 4 to 12 hours which may impact the flow of air traffic in a specific center's (ARTCC) area.
• METER FIX TIME/SLOT TIME A calculated time to depart the meter fix in order to cross the vertex at the ACLT. This time reflects descent speed adjustment and any applicable time that must be absorbed prior to crossing the meter fix.
• METER LIST DISPLAY INTERVAL A dynamic parameter which controls the number of minutes prior to the flight plan calculated time of arrival at the meter fix for each aircraft, at which time the TCLT is frozen and becomes an ACLT; i.e., the VTA is updated and consequently the TCLT modified as appropriate until frozen at which time updating is suspended and an ACLT is assigned. When frozen, the flight entry is inserted into the arrival sector's meter list for display on the sector PVD/MDM. MLDI is used if filed true airspeed is less than or equal to freeze speed parameters (FSPD).
• METERING A method of time-regulating arrival traffic flow into a terminal area so as not to exceed a predetermined terminal acceptance rate.
• METERING AIRPORTS Airports adapted for metering and for which optimum flight paths are defined. A maximum of 15 airports may be adapted.
• METERING FIX A fix along an established route from over which aircraft will be metered prior to entering terminal airspace. Normally, this fix should be established at a distance from the airport which will facilitate a profile descent 10,000 feet above airport elevation [AAE] or above.
• METERING POSITION(S) Adapted PVD's/MDM's and associated "D" positions eligible for display of a metering position list. A maximum of four PVD's/MDM's may be adapted.
• METERING POSITION LIST An ordered list of data on arrivals for a selected metering airport displayed on a metering position PVD/MDM.
• MFT (See METER FIX TIME/SLOT TIME.)
• MHA (See MINIMUM HOLDING ALTITUDE.)
• MIA (See MINIMUM IFR ALTITUDES.)
• MICROBURST A small downburst with outbursts of damaging winds extending 2.5 miles or less. In spite of its small horizontal scale, an intense microburst could induce wind speeds as high as 150 knots (Refer to AIM.)
• MICRO-EN ROUTE AUTOMATED RADAR TRACKING SYSTEM (M-EARTS) An automated radar and radar beacon tracking system capable of employing both short-range (ASR) and long-range (ARSR) radars. This microcomputer driven system provides improved tracking, continuous data recording, and use of full digital radar displays.
• MICROWAVE LANDING SYSTEM A precision instrument approach system operating in the microwave spectrum which normally consists of the following components: a. Azimuth Station. b. Elevation Station. c. Precision Distance Measuring Equipment. (See MLS CATEGORIES.)
• MIDDLE COMPASS LOCATOR (See COMPASS LOCATOR.)
• MIDDLE MARKER A marker beacon that defines a point along the glideslope of an ILS normally located at or near the point of decision height (ILS Category I). It is keyed to transmit alternate dots and dashes, with the alternate dots and dashes keyed at the rate of 95 dot/dash combinations per minute on a 1300 Hz tone, which is received aurally and visually by compatible airborne equipment. (See MARKER BEACON.) (See INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM.) (Refer to AIM.)
• MID RVR (See VISIBILITY.)
• MILES-IN-TRAIL A specified distance between aircraft, normally, in the same stratum associated with the same destination or route of flight.
• MILITARY AUTHORITY ASSUMES RESPONSIBILITY FOR SEPARATION OF AIRCRAFT A condition whereby the military services involved assume responsibility for separation between participating military aircraft in the ATC system. It is used only for required IFR operations which are specified in letters of agreement or other appropriate FAA or military documents.
• MILITARY OPERATIONS AREA (See SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE.)
• MILITARY TRAINING ROUTES Airspace of defined vertical and lateral dimensions established for the conduct of military flight training at airspeeds in excess of 250 knots IAS. (See IFR MILITARY TRAINING ROUTES.) (See VFR MILITARY TRAINING ROUTES.)
• MINIMA (See MINIMUMS.)
• MINIMUM CROSSING ALTITUDE The lowest altitude at certain fixes at which an aircraft must cross when proceeding in the direction of a higher minimum en route IFR altitude (MEA). (See MINIMUM EN ROUTE IFR ALTITUDE.)
• MINIMUM DESCENT ALTITUDE The lowest altitude, expressed in feet above mean sea level, to which descent is authorized on final approach or during circle-to-land maneuvering in execution of a standard instrument approach procedure where no electronic glideslope is provided. (See NONPRECISION APPROACH PROCEDURE.)
• MINIMUM EN ROUTE IFR ALTITUDE The lowest published altitude between radio fixes which assures acceptable navigational signal coverage and meets obstacle clearance requirements between those fixes. The MEA prescribed for a Federal airway or segment thereof, area navigation low or high route, or other direct route applies to the entire width of the airway, segment, or route between the radio fixes defining the airway, segment, or route. (Refer to Part 91.) (Refer to Part 95.) (Refer to AIM.)
• MINIMUM FRICTION LEVEL The friction level specified in AC 150/5320-12, Measurement, Construction, and Maintenance of Skid Resistant Airport Pavement Surfaces, that represents the minimum recommended wet pavement surface friction value for any turbojet aircraft engaged in LAHSO. This value will vary with the particular friction measurement equipment used.
• MINIMUM FUEL Indicates that an aircraft's fuel supply has reached a state where, upon reaching the destination, it can accept little or no delay. This is not an emergency situation but merely indicates an emergency situation is possible should any undue delay occur. (Refer to AIM.)
• MINIMUM HOLDING ALTITUDE The lowest altitude prescribed for a holding pattern which assures navigational signal coverage, communications, and meets obstacle clearance requirements.
• MINIMUM IFR ALTITUDES Minimum altitudes for IFR operations as prescribed in Part 91. These altitudes are published on aeronautical charts and prescribed in Part 95 for airways and routes, and in Part 97 for standard instrument approach procedures. If no applicable minimum altitude is prescribed in FAR 95 or FAR 97, the following minimum IFR altitude applies: a. In designated mountainous areas, 2,000 feet above the highest obstacle within a horizontal distance of 4 nautical miles from the course to be flown; or b. Other than mountainous areas, 1,000 feet above the highest obstacle within a horizontal distance of 4 nautical miles from the course to be flown; or c. As otherwise authorized by the Administrator or assigned by ATC. (See MINIMUM EN ROUTE IFR ALTITUDE.) (See MINIMUM OBSTRUCTION CLEARANCE ALTITUDE.) (See MINIMUM CROSSING ALTITUDE.) (See MINIMUM SAFE ALTITUDE.) (See MINIMUM VECTORING ALTITUDE.) (Refer to Part 91.)
• MINIMUM NAVIGATION PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION A set of standards which require aircraft to have a minimum navigation performance capability in order to operate in MNPS designated airspace. In addition, aircraft must be certified by their State of Registry for MNPS operation.
• MINIMUM NAVIGATION PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION AIRSPACE Designated airspace in which MNPS procedures are applied between MNPS certified and equipped aircraft. Under certain conditions, non-MNPS aircraft can operate in MNPSA. However, standard oceanic separation minima is provided between the non-MNPS aircraft and other traffic. Currently, the only designated MNPSA is described as follows: a. Between FL 285 and FL 420; b. Between latitudes 27ƒN and the North Pole; c. In the east, the eastern boundaries of the CTA's Santa Maria Oceanic, Shanwick Oceanic, and Reykjavik; d. In the west, the western boundaries of CTA's Reykjavik and Gander Oceanic and New York Oceanic excluding the area west of 60ƒW and south of 38ƒ30'N.
• MINIMUM OBSTRUCTION CLEARANCE ALTITUDE The lowest published altitude in effect between radio fixes on VOR airways, off-airway routes, or route segments which meets obstacle clearance requirements for the entire route segment and which assures acceptable navigational signal coverage only within 25 statute (22 nautical) miles of a VOR. (Refer to Part 91.) (Refer to Part 95.)
• MINIMUM RECEPTION ALTITUDE The lowest altitude at which an intersection can be determined. (Refer to Part 95.)
• MINIMUM SAFE ALTITUDE a. The minimum altitude specified in Part 91 for various aircraft operations. b. Altitudes depicted on approach charts which provide at least 1,000 feet of obstacle clearance for emergency use within a specified distance from the navigation facility upon which a procedure is predicated. These altitudes will be identified as Minimum Sector Altitudes or Emergency Safe Altitudes and are established as follows: 1. Minimum Sector Altitudes. Altitudes depicted on approach charts which provide at least 1,000 feet of obstacle clearance within a 25-mile radius of the navigation facility upon which the procedure is predicated. Sectors depicted on approach charts must be at least 90 degrees in scope. These altitudes are for emergency use only and do not necessarily assure acceptable navigational signal coverage. (See ICAO term MINIMUM SECTOR ALTITUDE.) 2. Emergency Safe Altitudes. Altitudes depicted on approach charts which provide at least 1,000 feet of obstacle clearance in nonmountainous areas and 2,000 feet of obstacle clearance in designated mountainous areas within a 100-mile radius of the navigation facility upon which the procedure is predicated and normally used only in military procedures. These altitudes are identified on published procedures as "Emergency Safe Altitudes."
• MINIMUM SAFE ALTITUDE WARNING A function of the ARTS III computer that aids the controller by alerting him when a tracked Mode C- equipped aircraft is below or is predicted by the computer to go below a predetermined minimum safe altitude. (Refer to AIM.)
• MINIMUM SECTOR ALTITUDE [ICAO] The lowest altitude which may be used under emergency conditions which will provide a minimum clearance of 300 m (1,000 feet) above all obstacles located in an area contained within a sector of a circle of 46 km (25 NM) radius centered on a radio aid to navigation.
• MINIMUMS Weather condition requirements established for a particular operation or type of operation; e.g., IFR takeoff or landing, alternate airport for IFR flight plans, VFR flight, etc. (See LANDING MINIMUMS.) (See IFR TAKEOFF MINIMUMS AND DEPARTURE PROCEDURES.) (See VFR CONDITIONS.) (See IFR CONDITIONS.) (Refer to Part 91.) (Refer to AIM.)
• MINIMUM VECTORING ALTITUDE The lowest MSL altitude at which an IFR aircraft will be vectored by a radar controller, except as otherwise authorized for radar approaches, departures, and missed approaches. The altitude meets IFR obstacle clearance criteria. It may be lower than the published MEA along an airway or J-route segment. It may be utilized for radar vectoring only upon the controller's determination that an adequate radar return is being received from the aircraft being controlled. Charts depicting minimum vectoring altitudes are normally available only to the controllers and not to pilots. (Refer to AIM.)
• MINUTES-IN-TRAIL A specified interval between aircraft expressed in time. This method would more likely be utilized regardless of altitude.
• MIS (See METEOROLOGICAL IMPACT STATEMENT.)
• MISSED APPROACH a. A maneuver conducted by a pilot when an instrument approach cannot be completed to a landing. The route of flight and altitude are shown on instrument approach procedure charts. A pilot executing a missed approach prior to the Missed Approach Point (MAP) must continue along the final approach to the MAP. The pilot may climb immediately to the altitude specified in the missed approach procedure. b. A term used by the pilot to inform ATC that he is executing the missed approach. c. At locations where ATC radar service is provided, the pilot should conform to radar vectors when provided by ATC in lieu of the published missed approach procedure. (See MISSED APPROACH POINT.) (Refer to AIM.)
• MISSED APPROACH POINT A point prescribed in each instrument approach procedure at which a missed approach procedure shall be executed if the required visual reference does not exist. (See MISSED APPROACH.) (See SEGMENTS OF AN INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE.)
• MISSED APPROACH PROCEDURE [ICAO] The procedure to be followed if the approach cannot be continued.
• MISSED APPROACH SEGMENT (See SEGMENTS OF AN INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE.)
• MLDI (See METER LIST DISPLAY INTERVAL.)
• MLS (See MICROWAVE LANDING SYSTEM.)
• MLS CATEGORIES a. MLS Category I. An MLS approach procedure which provides for an approach to a height above touchdown of not less than 200 feet and a runway visual range of not less than 1,800 feet. b. MLS Category II. Undefined until data gathering/analysis completion. c. MLS Category III. Undefined until data gathering/analysis completion.
• MM (See MIDDLE MARKER.)
• MNPS (See MINIMUM NAVIGATION PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION.)
• MNPSA (See MINIMUM NAVIGATION PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION AIRSPACE.)
• MOA (See MILITARY OPERATIONS AREA.)
• MOCA (See MINIMUM OBSTRUCTION CLEARANCE ALTITUDE.)
• MODE The letter or number assigned to a specific pulse spacing of radio signals transmitted or received by ground interrogator or airborne transponder components of the Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS). Mode A (military Mode 3) and Mode C (altitude reporting) are used in air traffic control. (See TRANSPONDER.) (See INTERROGATOR.) (See RADAR.) (Refer to AIM.) (See ICAO term MODE.)
• MODE (SSR MODE) [ICAO] The letter or number assigned to a specific pulse spacing of the interrogation signals transmitted by an interrogator. There are 4 modes, A, B, C and D specified in Annex 10, corresponding to four different interrogation pulse spacings.
• MODE C INTRUDER ALERT A function of certain air traffic control automated systems designed to alert radar controllers to existing or pending situations between a tracked target (known IFR or VFR aircraft) and an untracked target (unknown IFR or VFR aircraft) that requires immediate attention/action. (See CONFLICT ALERT.)
• MONITOR (When used with communication transfer) listen on a specific frequency and stand by for instructions. Under normal circumstances do not establish communications.
• MONITOR ALERT (MA) A function of the ETMS that provides traffic management personnel with a tool for predicting potential capacity problems in individual operational sectors. The MA is an indication that traffic management personnel need to analyze a particular sector for actual activity and to determine the required action(s), if any, needed to control the demand.
• MONITOR ALERT PARAMETER (MAP) The number designated for use in monitor alert processing by the ETMS. The MAP is designated for each operational sector for increments of 15 minutes.
• MOVEMENT AREA The runways, taxiways, and other areas of an airport/heliport which are utilized for taxiing/hover taxiing, air taxiing, takeoff, and landing of aircraft, exclusive of loading ramps and parking areas. At those airports/heliports with a tower, specific approval for entry onto the movement area must be obtained from ATC. (See ICAO term MOVEMENT AREA.)
• MOVEMENT AREA [ICAO] That part of an aerodrome to be used for the takeoff, landing and taxiing of aircraft, consisting of the maneuvering area and the apron(s).
• MOVING TARGET INDICATOR An electronic device which will permit radar scope presentation only from targets which are in motion. A partial remedy for ground clutter.
• MRA (See MINIMUM RECEPTION ALTITUDE.)
• MSA (See MINIMUM SAFE ALTITUDE.)
• MSAW (See MINIMUM SAFE ALTITUDE WARNING.)
• MTI (See MOVING TARGET INDICATOR.)
• MTR (See MILITARY TRAINING ROUTES.)
• MULTICOM A mobile service not open to public correspondence used to provide communications essential to conduct the activities being performed by or directed from private aircraft.
• MULTIPLE RUNWAYS The utilization of a dedicated arrival runway(s) for departures and a dedicated departure runway(s) for arrivals when feasible to reduce delays and enhance capacity.
• MVA (See MINIMUM VECTORING ALTITUDE.) NAS
• NAS STAGE A The en route ATC system's radar, computers and computer programs, controller plan view displays (PVD's/Radar Scopes), input/output devices, and the related communications equipment which are integrated to form the heart of the automated IFR air traffic control system. This equipment performs Flight Data Processing (FDP) and Radar Data Processing (RDP). It interfaces with automated terminal systems and is used in the control of en route IFR aircraft. (Refer to AIM.)
• NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM The common network of U.S. airspace; air navigation facilities, equipment and services, airports or landing areas; aeronautical charts, information and services; rules, regulations and procedures, technical information, and manpower and material. Included are system components shared jointly with the military.
• NATIONAL BEACON CODE ALLOCATION PLAN AIRSPACE Airspace over United States territory located within the North American continent between Canada and Mexico, including adjacent territorial waters outward to about boundaries of oceanic control areas (CTA)/Flight Information Regions (FIR). (See FLIGHT INFORMATION REGION.)
• NATIONAL FLIGHT DATA CENTER A facility in Washington D.C., established by FAA to operate a central aeronautical information service for the collection, validation, and dissemination of aeronautical data in support of the activities of government, industry, and the aviation community. The information is published in the National Flight Data Digest. (See NATIONAL FLIGHT DATA DIGEST.)
• NATIONAL FLIGHT DATA DIGEST A daily (except weekends and Federal holidays) publication of flight information appropriate to aeronautical charts, aeronautical publications, Notices to Airmen, or other media serving the purpose of providing operational flight data essential to safe and efficient aircraft operations.
• NATIONAL ROUTE PROGRAM (NRP) The NRP is a set of rules and procedures which are designed to increase the flexibility of user flight planning within published guidelines.
• NATIONAL SEARCH AND RESCUE PLAN An interagency agreement which provides for the effective utilization of all available facilities in all types of search and rescue missions.
• NAVAID (See NAVIGATIONAL AID.)
• NAVAID CLASSES VOR, VORTAC, and TACAN aids are classed according to their operational use. The three classes of NAVAID's are: a. T- Terminal. b. L- Low altitude. c. H- High altitude. Note: The normal service range for T, L, and H class aids is found in the AIM. Certain operational requirements make it necessary to use some of these aids at greater service ranges than specified. Extended range is made possible through flight inspection determinations. Some aids also have lesser service range due to location, terrain, frequency protection, etc. Restrictions to service range are listed in Airport/Facility Directory.
• NAVIGABLE AIRSPACE Airspace at and above the minimum flight altitudes prescribed in the FAR's including airspace needed for safe takeoff and landing. (Refer to FAR Part 91.)
• NAVIGATIONAL AID Any visual or electronic device airborne or on the surface which provides point-to-point guidance information or position data to aircraft in flight. (See AIR NAVIGATION FACILITY.)
• NBCAP AIRSPACE (See NATIONAL BEACON CODE ALLOCATION PLAN AIRSPACE.)
• NDB (See NONDIRECTIONAL BEACON.)
• NEGATIVE "No," or "permission not granted," or "that is not correct."
• NEGATIVE CONTACT Used by pilots to inform ATC that: a. Previously issued traffic is not in sight. It may be followed by the pilot's request for the controller to provide assistance in avoiding the traffic. b. They were unable to contact ATC on a particular frequency.
• NFDC (See NATIONAL FLIGHT DATA CENTER.)
• NFDD (See NATIONAL FLIGHT DATA DIGEST.)
• NIGHT The time between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight, as published in the American Air Almanac, converted to local time. (See ICAO term NIGHT.)
• NIGHT [ICAO] The hours between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight or such other period between sunset and sunrise as may be specified by the appropriate authority.
• Note. Civil twilight ends in the evening when the center of the sun's disk is 6 degrees below the horizon and begins in the morning when the center of the sun's disk is 6 degrees below the horizon.
• NO GYRO APPROACH A radar approach/vector provided in case of a malfunctioning gyro-compass or directional gyro. Instead of providing the pilot with headings to be flown, the controller observes the radar track and issues control instructions "turn right/left" or "stop turn" as appropriate. (Refer to AIM.)
• NO GYRO VECTOR (See NO GYRO APPROACH.)
• NO TRANSGRESSION ZONE (NTZ) The NTZ is a 2,000 foot wide zone, located equidistant between parallel runway final approach courses in which flight is not allowed.
• NONAPPROACH CONTROL TOWER Authorizes aircraft to land or takeoff at the airport controlled by the tower or to transit the Class D airspace. The primary function of a nonapproach control tower is the sequencing of aircraft in the traffic pattern and on the landing area. Nonapproach control towers also separate aircraft operating under instrument flight rules clearances from approach controls and centers. They provide ground control services to aircraft, vehicles, personnel, and equipment on the airport movement area.
• NONCOMMON ROUTE/PORTION That segment of a North American Route between the inland navigation facility and a designated North American terminal.
• NONCOMPOSITE SEPARATION Separation in accordance with minima other than the composite separation minimum specified for the area concerned.
• NONDIRECTIONAL BEACON An L/MF or UHF radio beacon transmitting nondirectional signals whereby the pilot of an aircraft equipped with direction finding equipment can determine his bearing to or from the radio beacon and "home" on or track to or from the station. When the radio beacon is installed in conjunction with the Instrument Landing System marker, it is normally called a Compass Locator. (See COMPASS LOCATOR.) (See AUTOMATIC DIRECTION FINDER.)
• NONMOVEMENT AREAS Taxiways and apron (ramp) areas not under the control of air traffic.
• NONPRECISION APPROACH (See NONPRECISION APPROACH PROCEDURE.)
• NONPRECISION APPROACH PROCEDURE A standard instrument approach procedure in which no electronic glideslope is provided; e.g., VOR, TACAN, NDB, LOC, ASR, LDA, or SDF approaches.
• NONRADAR Precedes other terms and generally means without the use of radar, such as: a. Nonradar Approach. Used to describe instrument approaches for which course guidance on final approach is not provided by ground-based precision or surveillance radar. Radar vectors to the final approach course may or may not be provided by ATC. Examples of nonradar approaches are VOR, NDB, TACAN, and ILS/MLS approaches. (See FINAL APPROACH-IFR.) (See FINAL APPROACH COURSE.) (See RADAR APPROACH.) (See INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE.) b. Nonradar Approach Control. An ATC facility providing approach control service without the use of radar. (See APPROACH CONTROL FACILITY.) (See APPROACH CONTROL SERVICE.) c. Nonradar Arrival. An aircraft arriving at an airport without radar service or at an airport served by a radar facility and radar contact has not been established or has been terminated due to a lack of radar service to the airport. (See RADAR ARRIVAL.) (See RADAR SERVICE.) d. Nonradar Route. A flight path or route over which the pilot is performing his own navigation. The pilot may be receiving radar separation, radar monitoring, or other ATC services while on a nonradar route. (See RADAR ROUTE.) e. Nonradar Separation. The spacing of aircraft in accordance with established minima without the use of radar; e.g., vertical, lateral, or longitudinal separation. (See RADAR SEPARATION.) (See ICAO term NONRADAR SEPARATION.)
• NONRADAR SEPARATION [ICAO] The separation used when aircraft position information is derived from sources other than radar.
• NOPAC (See NORTH PACIFIC.)
• NORDO (See LOST COMMUNICATIONS.)
• NORMAL OPERATING ZONE (NOZ) The NOZ is the operating zone within which aircraft flight remains during normal independent simultaneous parallel ILS approaches.
• NORTH AMERICAN ROUTE A numerically coded route preplanned over existing airway and route systems to and from specific coastal fixes serving the North Atlantic. North American Routes consist of the following: a. Common Route/Portion. That segment of a North American Route between the inland navigation facility and the coastal fix. b. Noncommon Route/Portion. That segment of a North American Route between the inland navigation facility and a designated North American terminal. c. Inland Navigation Facility. A navigation aid on a North American Route at which the common route and/or the noncommon route begins or ends. d. Coastal Fix. A navigation aid or intersection where an aircraft transitions between the domestic route structure and the oceanic route structure.
• NORTH MARK A beacon data block sent by the host computer to be displayed by the ARTS on a 360 degree bearing at a locally selected radar azimuth and distance. The North Mark is used to ensure correct range/azimuth orientation during periods of CENRAP.
• NORTH PACIFIC An organized route system between the Alaskan west coast and Japan.
• NOTAM (See NOTICE TO AIRMEN.)
• NOTICE TO AIRMEN A notice containing information (not known sufficiently in advance to publicize by other means) concerning the establishment, condition, or change in any component (facility, service, or procedure of, or hazard in the National Airspace System) the timely knowledge of which is essential to personnel concerned with flight operations. a. NOTAM(D)- A NOTAM given (in addition to local dissemination) distant dissemination beyond the area of responsibility of the Flight Service Station. These NOTAM's will be stored and available until canceled. b. NOTAM(L)- A NOTAM given local dissemination by voice and other means, such as telautograph and telephone, to satisfy local user requirements. c. FDC NOTAM- A NOTAM regulatory in nature, transmitted by USNOF and given system wide dissemination. (See ICAO term NOTAM.)
• NOTAM [ICAO] A notice containing information concerning the establishment, condition or change in any aeronautical facility, service, procedure or hazard, the timely knowledge of which is essential to personnel concerned with flight operations. a. I Distribution- Distribution by means of telecommunication. b. II Distribution- Distribution by means other than telecommunications.
• NOTICES TO AIRMEN PUBLICATION A publication issued every 28 days, designed primarily for the pilot, which contains current NOTAM information considered essential to the safety of flight as well as supplemental data to other aeronautical publications. The contraction NTAP is used in NOTAM text. (See NOTICE TO AIRMEN.)
• NTAP (See NOTICES TO AIRMEN PUBLICATION.)
• NUMEROUS TARGETS VICINITY (LOCATION) A traffic advisory issued by ATC to advise pilots that targets on the radar scope are too numerous to issue individually. (See TRAFFIC ADVISORIES.)
• OBSTACLE An existing object, object of natural growth, or terrain at a fixed geographical location or which may be expected at a fixed location within a prescribed area with reference to which vertical clearance is or must be provided during flight operation.
• OBSTACLE FREE ZONE The OFZ is a three dimensional volume of airspace which protects for the transition of aircraft to and from the runway. The OFZ clearing standard pre- cludes taxiing and parked airplanes and object penetrations, except for frangible NAVAID locations that are fixed by function. Additionally, vehicles, equipment, and personnel may be authorized by air traffic control to enter the area using the provisions of FAAO 7110.65, Para 3-1-5, VEHICLES/EQUIPMENT/PERSONNEL ON RUNWAYS. The runway OFZ and when applicable, the inner-approach OFZ, and the inner-transitional OFZ, comprise the OFZ. a. Runway OFZ. The runway OFZ is a defined volume of airspace centered above the runway. The runway OFZ is the airspace above a surface whose elevation at any point is the same as the elevation of the nearest point on the runway centerline. The runway OFZ extends 200 feet beyond each end of the runway. The width is as follows: 1. For runways serving large airplanes, the greater of: (a) 400 feet, or (b) 180 feet, plus the wingspan of the most demanding airplane, plus 20 feet per 1,000 feet of airport elevation. 2. For runways serving only small airplanes: (a) 300 feet for precision instrument runways. (b) 250 feet for other runways serving small airplanes with approach speeds of 50 knots, or more. (c) 120 feet for other runways serving small airplanes with approach speeds of less than 50 knots. b. Inner-approach OFZ. The inner-approach OFZ is a defined volume of airspace centered on the approach area. The inner-approach OFZ applies only to runways with an approach lighting system. The inner-approach OFZ begins 200 feet from the runway threshold at the same elevation as the runway threshold and extends 200 feet beyond the last light unit in the approach lighting system. The width of the inner-approach OFZ is the same as the runway OFZ and rises at a slope of 50 (horizontal) to 1 (vertical) from the beginning. c. Inner-transitional OFZ. The inner transitional surface OFZ is a defined volume of airspace along the sides of the runway and inner-approach OFZ and applies only to precision instrument runways. The inner-transitional surface OFZ slopes 3 (horizontal) to 1 (vertical) out from the edges of the runway OFZ and inner-approach OFZ to a height of 150 feet above the established airport elevation. (Refer to AC 150/5300-13, Chapter 3.) (Refer to FAAO 7110.65, Para 3-1-5, VEHICLES/EQUIPMENT/PERSONNEL ON RUNWAYS.)
• OBSTRUCTION Any object/obstacle exceeding the obstruction standards specified by FAR Part 77, Subpart C.
• OBSTRUCTION LIGHT A light or one of a group of lights, usually red or white, frequently mounted on a surface structure or natural terrain to warn pilots of the presence of an obstruction.
• OCEANIC AIRSPACE Airspace over the oceans of the world, considered international airspace, where oceanic separation and procedures per the International Civil Aviation Organization are applied. Responsibility for the provisions of air traffic control service in this airspace is delegated to various countries, based generally upon geographic proximity and the availability of the required resources.
• OCEANIC DISPLAY AND PLANNING SYSTEM An automated digital display system which provides flight data processing, conflict probe, and situation display for oceanic air traffic control.
• OCEANIC NAVIGATIONAL ERROR REPORT A report filed when an aircraft exiting oceanic airspace has been observed by radar to be off course. ONER reporting parameters and procedures are contained in FAAO 7110.82, Monitoring of Navigational Performance In Oceanic Areas.
• OCEANIC PUBLISHED ROUTE A route established in international airspace and charted or described in flight information publications, such as Route Charts, DOD Enroute Charts, Chart Supplements, NOTAM's, and Track Messages.
• OCEANIC TRANSITION ROUTE An ATS route established for the purpose of transitioning aircraft to/from an organized track system.
• ODAPS (See OCEANIC DISPLAY AND PLANNING SYSTEM.)
• OFF COURSE A term used to describe a situation where an aircraft has reported a position fix or is observed on radar at a point not on the ATC-approved route of flight.
• OFFSHORE/CONTROL AIRSPACE AREA That portion of airspace between the U.S. 12 NM limit and the oceanic CTA/FIR boundary within which air traffic control is exercised. These areas are established to provide air traffic control services. Offshore/Control Airspace Areas may be classified as either Class A airspace or Class E airspace.
• OFF-ROUTE VECTOR A vector by ATC which takes an aircraft off a previously assigned route. Altitudes assigned by ATC during such vectors provide required obstacle clearance.
• OFFSET PARALLEL RUNWAYS Staggered runways having centerlines which are parallel.
• OFT (See OUTER FIX TIME.)
• OM (See OUTER MARKER.)
• OMEGA An RNAV system designed for long-range navigation based upon ground-based electronic navigational aid signals.
• ONE-MINUTE WEATHER The most recent one minute updated weather broadcast received by a pilot from an uncontrolled airport ASOS/AWOS.
• ONER (See OCEANIC NAVIGATIONAL ERROR REPORT.)
• OPERATIONAL (See DUE REGARD.)
• ON COURSE a. Used to indicate that an aircraft is established on the route centerline. b. Used by ATC to advise a pilot making a radar approach that his aircraft is lined up on the final approach course. (See ON-COURSE.) (See INDICATION-COURSE.) (See INDICATION.)
• ON-COURSE INDICATION An indication on an instrument, which provides the pilot a visual means of determining that the aircraft is located on the centerline of a given navigational track, or an indication on a radar scope that an aircraft is on a given track.
• OPPOSITE DIRECTION AIRCRAFT Aircraft are operating in opposite directions when: a. They are following the same track in reciprocal directions; or b. Their tracks are parallel and the aircraft are flying in reciprocal directions; or c. Their tracks intersect at an angle of more than 135ƒ.
• OPTION APPROACH An approach requested and conducted by a pilot which will result in either a touch-and-go, missed approach, low approach, stop-and-go, or full stop landing. (See CLEARED FOR THE OPTION.) (Refer to AIM.)
• ORGANIZED TRACK SYSTEM A movable system of oceanic tracks that traverses the North Atlantic between Europe and North America the physical position of which is determined twice daily taking the best advantage of the winds aloft.
• ORGANIZED TRACK SYSTEM A series of ATS routes which are fixed and charted; i.e., CEP, NOPAC, or flexible and described by NOTAM; i.e., NAT TRACK MESSAGE.
• OROCA An off-route altitude which provides obstruction clearance with a 1,000 foot buffer in nonmountainous terrain areas and a 2,000 foot buffer in designated mountainous areas within the United States. This altitude may not provide signal coverage from ground-based navigational aids, air traffic control radar, or communications coverage.
• OTR (See OCEANIC TRANSITION ROUTE.)
• OTS (See ORGANIZED TRACK SYSTEM.)
• OUT The conversation is ended and no response is expected.
• OUTER AREA (associated with Class C airspace) Nonregulatory airspace surrounding designated Class C airspace airports wherein ATC provides radar vectoring and sequencing on a full-time basis for all IFR and participating VFR aircraft. The service provided in the outer area is called Class C service which includes: IFR/IFR-standard IFR separation; IFR/VFR-traffic advisories and conflict resolution; and VFR/VFR-traffic advisories and, as appropriate, safety alerts. The normal radius will be 20 nautical miles with some variations based on site-specific requirements. The outer area extends outward from the primary Class C airspace airport and extends from the lower limits of radar/radio coverage up to the ceiling of the approach control's delegated airspace excluding the Class C charted area and other airspace as appropriate. (See CONTROLLED AIRSPACE.) (See CONFLICT RESOLUTION.)
• OUTER COMPASS LOCATOR (See COMPASS LOCATOR.)
• OUTER FIX A general term used within ATC to describe fixes in the terminal area, other than the final approach fix. Aircraft are normally cleared to these fixes by an Air Route Traffic Control Center or an Approach Control Facility. Aircraft are normally cleared from these fixes to the final approach fix or final approach course.
• OUTER FIX An adapted fix along the converted route of flight, prior to the meter fix, for which crossing times are calculated and displayed in the metering position list.
• OUTER FIX TIME A calculated time to depart the outer fix in order to cross the vertex at the ACLT. The time reflects descent speed adjustments and any applicable delay time that must be absorbed prior to crossing the meter fix.
• OUTER MARKER A marker beacon at or near the glideslope intercept altitude of an ILS approach. It is keyed to transmit two dashes per second on a 400 Hz tone, which is received aurally and visually by compatible airborne equipment. The OM is normally located four to seven miles from the runway threshold on the extended centerline of the runway. (See MARKER BEACON.) (See INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM.) (Refer to AIM.)
• OVER My transmission is ended; I expect a response.
• OVERHEAD MANEUVER A series of predetermined maneuvers prescribed for aircraft (often in formation) for entry into the visual flight rules (VFR) traffic pattern and to proceed to a landing. An overhead maneuver is not an instrument flight rules (IFR) approach procedure. An aircraft executing an overhead maneuver is considered VFR and the IFR flight plan is cancelled when the aircraft reaches the "initial point" on the initial approach portion of the maneuver. The pattern usually specifies the following: a. The radio contact required of the pilot. b. The speed to be maintained. c. An initial approach 3 to 5 miles in length. d. An elliptical pattern consisting of two 180 degree turns. e. A break point at which the first 180 degree turn is started. f. The direction of turns. g. Altitude (at least 500 feet above the conventional pattern). h. A "Roll-out" on final approach not less than 1/4 mile from the landing threshold and not less than 300 feet above the ground.
• OVERLYING CENTER The ARTCC facility that is responsible for arrival/departure operations at a specific terminal. P TIME
• PAN-PAN The international radio-telephony urgency signal. When repeated three times, indicates uncertainty or alert followed by the nature of the urgency. (See MAYDAY.) (Refer to AIM.)
• PAR (See PRECISION APPROACH RADAR.)
• PAR [ICAO] (See ICAO Term PRECISION APPROACH RADAR.)
• PARALLEL ILS APPROACHES Approaches to parallel runways by IFR aircraft which, when established inbound toward the airport on the adjacent final approach courses, are radar-separated by at least 2 miles. (See FINAL APPROACH COURSE.) (See SIMULTANEOUS ILS APPROACHES.)
• PARALLEL MLS APPROACHES (See PARALLEL ILS APPROACHES.)
• PARALLEL OFFSET ROUTE A parallel track to the left or right of the designated or established airway/route. Normally associated with Area Navigation (RNAV) operations. (See AREA NAVIGATION.)
• PARALLEL RUNWAYS Two or more runways at the same airport whose centerlines are parallel. In addition to runway number, parallel runways are designated as L (left) and R (right) or, if three parallel runways exist, L (left), C (center), and R (right).
• PBCT (See PROPOSED BOUNDARY CROSSING TIME.)
• PERMANENT ECHO Radar signals reflected from fixed objects on the earth's surface; e.g., buildings, towers, terrain. Permanent echoes are distinguished from "ground clutter" by being definable locations rather than large areas. Under certain conditions they may be used to check radar alignment.
• PHOTO RECONNAISSANCE Military activity that requires locating individual photo targets and navigating to the targets at a preplanned angle and altitude. The activity normally requires a lateral route width of 16 NM and altitude range of 1,500 feet to 10,000 feet AGL.
• PIDP (See PROGRAMMABLE INDICATOR DATA PROCESSOR.)
• PILOT BRIEFING A service provided by the FSS to assist pilots in flight planning. Briefing items may include weather information, NOTAMS, military activities, flow control information, and other items as requested. (Refer to AIM.)
• PILOT IN COMMAND The pilot responsible for the operation and safety of an aircraft during flight time. (Refer to FAR Part 91.)
• PILOT'S DISCRETION When used in conjunction with altitude assignments, means that ATC has offered the pilot the option of starting climb or descent whenever he wishes and conducting the climb or descent at any rate he wishes. He may temporarily level off at any intermediate altitude. However, once he has vacated an altitude, he may not return to that altitude.
• PILOT WEATHER REPORT A report of meteorological phenomena encountered by aircraft in flight. (Refer to AIM.)
• PIREP (See PILOT WEATHER REPORT.)
• PLANS DISPLAY A display available in URET CCLD that provides detailed flight plan and predicted conflict information in textual format for requested Current Plans and all Trial Plans. (See USER REQUEST EVALUATION TOOL CORE CAPABILITY LIMITED DEPLOYMENT.)
• POINT OUT (See RADAR POINT OUT.)
• POLAR TRACK STRUCTURE A system of organized routes between Iceland and Alaska which overlie Canadian MNPS Airspace.
• POSITION REPORT A report over a known location as transmitted by an aircraft to ATC. (Refer to AIM.)
• POSITION SYMBOL A computer-generated indication shown on a radar display to indicate the mode of tracking.
• POSITIVE CONTROL The separation of all air traffic within designated airspace by air traffic control.
• PRACTICE INSTRUMENT APPROACH An instrument approach procedure conducted by a VFR or an IFR aircraft for the purpose of pilot training or proficiency demonstrations.
• PREARRANGED COORDINATION A standardized procedure which permits an air traffic controller to enter the airspace assigned to another air traffic controller without verbal coordination. The procedures are defined in a facility directive which ensures standard separation between aircraft.
• PRECIPITATION Any or all forms of water particles (rain, sleet, hail, or snow) that fall from the atmosphere and reach the surface.
• PRECISION APPROACH (See PRECISION APPROACH PROCEDURE.)
• PRECISION APPROACH PROCEDURE A standard instrument approach procedure in which an electronic glideslope/glidepath is provided; e.g., ILS/MLS and PAR. (See INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM.) (See MICROWAVE LANDING SYSTEM.) (See PRECISION APPROACH RADAR.)
• PRECISION APPROACH RADAR Radar equipment in some ATC facilities operated by the FAA and/or the military services at joint-use civil/military locations and separate military installations to detect and display azimuth, elevation, and range of aircraft on the final approach course to a runway. This equipment may be used to monitor certain nonradar approaches, but is primarily used to conduct a precision instrument approach (PAR) wherein the controller issues guidance instructions to the pilot based on the aircraft's position in relation to the final approach course (azimuth), the glidepath (elevation), and the distance (range) from the touchdown point on the runway as displayed on the radar scope. (Note: The abbreviation "PAR" is also used to denote preferential arrival routes in ARTCC computers). (See GLIDEPATH.) (See PAR.) (See PREFERENTIAL ROUTES.) (See ICAO term PRECISION APPROACH RADAR.) (Refer to AIM.)
• PRECISION APPROACH RADAR [ICAO] Primary radar equipment used to determine the position of an aircraft during final approach, in terms of lateral and vertical deviations relative to a nominal approach path, and in range relative to touchdown. Note: Precision approach radars are designed to enable pilots of aircraft to be given guidance by radio communication during the final stages of the approach to land.
• PRECISION RUNWAY MONITOR (PRM) Provides air traffic controllers with high precision secondary surveillance data for aircraft on final approach to parallel runways that have extended centerlines separated by less than 4,300 feet. High resolution color monitoring displays (FMA) are required to present surveillance track data to controllers along with detailed maps depicting approaches and no transgression zone.
• PREFERENTIAL ROUTES Preferential routes (PDR's, PAR's, and PDAR's) are adapted in ARTCC computers to accomplish inter/intrafacility controller coordination and to assure that flight data is posted at the proper control positions. Locations having a need for these specific inbound and outbound routes normally publish such routes in local facility bulletins, and their use by pilots minimizes flight plan route amendments. When the workload or traffic situation permits, controllers normally provide radar vectors or assign requested routes to minimize circuitous routing. Preferential routes are usually confined to one ARTCC's area and are referred to by the following names or acronyms: a. Preferential Departure Route (PDR). A specific departure route from an airport or terminal area to an en route point where there is no further need for flow control. It may be included in an Instrument Departure Procedure (DP) or a Preferred IFR Route. b. Preferential Arrival Route (PAR). A specific arrival route from an appropriate en route point to an airport or terminal area. It may be included in a Standard Terminal Arrival (STAR) or a Preferred IFR Route. The abbreviation "PAR" is used primarily within the ARTCC and should not be confused with the abbreviation for Precision Approach Radar. c. Preferential Departure and Arrival Route (PDAR). A route between two terminals which are within or immediately adjacent to one ARTCC's area. PDAR's are not synonymous with Preferred IFR Routes but may be listed as such as they do accomplish essentially the same purpose. (See PREFERRED IFR ROUTES.) (See NAS STAGE A.)
• PREFERRED IFR ROUTES Routes established between busier airports to increase system efficiency and capacity. They normally extend through one or more ARTCC areas and are designed to achieve balanced traffic flows among high density terminals. IFR clearances are issued on the basis of these routes except when severe weather avoidance procedures or other factors dictate otherwise. Preferred IFR Routes are listed in the Airport/Facility Directory. If a flight is planned to or from an area having such routes but the departure or arrival point is not listed in the Airport/Facility Directory, pilots may use that part of a Preferred IFR Route which is appropriate for the departure or arrival point that is listed. Preferred IFR Routes are correlated with DP's and STAR's and may be defined by airways, jet routes, direct routes between NAVAID's, Waypoints, NAVAID radials/DME, or any combinations thereof. (See INSTRUMENT DEPARTURE PROCEDURE.) (See STANDARD TERMINAL ARRIVAL.) (See PREFERENTIAL ROUTES.) (See CENTER'S AREA.) (Refer to AIRPORT/FACILITY DIRECTORY.) (Refer to NOTICES TO AIRMEN PUBLICATION.)
• PRE-FLIGHT PILOT BRIEFING (See PILOT BRIEFING.)
• PREVAILING VISIBILITY (See VISIBILITY.)
• PRM (See ILS PRM APPROACH and PRECISION RUNWAY MONITOR.)
• PROCEDURE TURN The maneuver prescribed when it is necessary to reverse direction to establish an aircraft on the intermediate approach segment or final approach course. The outbound course, direction of turn, distance within which the turn must be completed, and minimum altitude are specified in the procedure. However, unless otherwise restricted, the point at which the turn may be commenced and the type and rate of turn are left to the discretion of the pilot. (See ICAO term PROCEDURE TURN.)
• PROCEDURE TURN [ICAO] A manoeuvre in which a turn is made away from a designated track followed by a turn in the opposite direction to permit the aircraft to intercept and proceed along the reciprocal of the designated track. Note 1: Procedure turns are designated "left" or "right" according to the direction of the initial turn. Note 2: Procedure turns may be designated as being made either in level flight or while descending, according to the circumstances of each individual approach procedure.
• PROCEDURE TURN INBOUND That point of a procedure turn maneuver where course reversal has been completed and an aircraft is established inbound on the intermediate approach segment or final approach course. A report of "procedure turn inbound" is normally used by ATC as a position report for separation purposes. (See FINAL APPROACH COURSE.) (See PROCEDURE TURN.) (See SEGMENTS OF AN INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE.)
• PROFILE DESCENT An uninterrupted descent (except where level flight is required for speed adjustment; e.g., 250 knots at 10,000 feet MSL) from cruising altitude/level to interception of a glideslope or to a minimum altitude specified for the initial or intermediate approach segment of a nonprecision instrument approach. The profile descent normally terminates at the approach gate or where the glideslope or other appropriate minimum altitude is intercepted.
• PROGRAMMABLE INDICATOR DATA PROCESSOR The PIDP is a modification to the AN/TPX-42 interrogator system currently installed in fixed RAPCON's. The PIDP detects, tracks, and predicts secondary radar aircraft targets. These are displayed by means of computer-generated symbols and alphanumeric characters depicting flight identification, aircraft altitude, ground speed, and flight plan data. Although primary radar targets are not tracked, they are displayed coincident with the secondary radar targets as well as with the other symbols and alphanumerics. The system has the capability of interfacing with ARTCC's.
• PROGRESS REPORT (See POSITION REPORT.)
• PROGRESSIVE TAXI Precise taxi instructions given to a pilot unfamiliar with the airport or issued in stages as the aircraft proceeds along the taxi route.
• PROHIBITED AREA (See SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE.) (See ICAO term PROHIBITED AREA.)
• PROHIBITED AREA [ICAO] An airspace of defined dimensions, above the land areas or territorial waters of a State, within which the flight of aircraft is prohibited.
• PROPOSED BOUNDARY CROSSING TIME Each center has a PBCT parameter for each internal airport. Proposed internal flight plans are transmitted to the adjacent center if the flight time along the proposed route from the departure airport to the center boundary is less than or equal to the value of PBCT or if airport adaptation specifies transmission regardless of PBCT.
• PROPOSED DEPARTURE TIME The time a scheduled flight will depart the gate (scheduled operators) or the actual runway off time for nonscheduled operators. For EDCT purposes, the ATCSCC adjusts the "P" time for scheduled operators to reflect the runway off times.
• PROTECTED AIRSPACE The airspace on either side of an oceanic route/track that is equal to one-half the lateral separation minimum except where reduction of protected airspace has been authorized.
• PT (See PROCEDURE TURN.)
• PTS (See POLAR TRACK STRUCTURE.)
• PUBLISHED ROUTE A route for which an IFR altitude has been established and published; e.g., Federal Airways, Jet Routes, Area Navigation Routes, Specified Direct Routes.
• QUEUING (See STAGING/QUEUING.)
• QNE The barometric pressure used for the standard altimeter setting (29.92 inches Hg.).
• QNH The barometric pressure as reported by a particular station.
• QUADRANT A quarter part of a circle, centered on a NAVAID, oriented clockwise from magnetic north as follows: NE quadrant 000-089, SE quadrant 090-179, SW quadrant 180-269, NW quadrant 270-359.
• QUICK LOOK A feature of NAS Stage A and ARTS which provides the controller the capability to display full data blocks of tracked aircraft from other control positions.
• QUOTA FLOW CONTROL A flow control procedure by which the Central Flow Control Function (CFCF) restricts traffic to the ARTC Center area having an impacted airport, thereby avoiding sector/area saturation. (See AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM COMMAND CENTER.) (Refer to AIRPORT/FACILITY DIRECTORY.)
• RADAR A device which, by measuring the time interval between transmission and reception of radio pulses and correlating the angular orientation of the radiated antenna beam or beams in azimuth and/or elevation, provides information on range, azimuth, and/or elevation of objects in the path of the transmitted pulses. a. Primary Radar- A radar system in which a minute portion of a radio pulse transmitted from a site is reflected by an object and then received back at that site for processing and display at an air traffic control facility. b. Secondary Radar/Radar Beacon (ATCRBS)- A radar system in which the object to be detected is fitted with cooperative equipment in the form of a radio receiver/transmitter (transponder). Radar pulses transmitted from the searching transmitter/receiver (interrogator) site are received in the cooperative equipment and used to trigger a distinctive transmission from the transponder. This reply transmission, rather than a reflected signal, is then received back at the transmitter/receiver site for processing and display at an air traffic control facility. (See INTERROGATOR.) (See TRANSPONDER.) (See ICAO term PRIMARY RADAR.) (See ICAO term RADAR.) (See ICAO term SECONDARY RADAR.) (Refer to AIM.)
• RADAR [ICAO] A radio detection device which provides information on range, azimuth and/or elevation of objects. a. Primary Radar- Radar system which uses reflected radio signals. b. Secondary Radar- Radar system wherein a radio signal transmitted from a radar station initiates the transmission of a radio signal from another station.
• RADAR ADVISORY The provision of advice and information based on radar observations. (See ADVISORY SERVICE.)
• RADAR ALTIMETER (See RADIO ALTIMETER.)
• RADAR APPROACH An instrument approach procedure which utilizes Precision Approach Radar (PAR) or Airport Surveillance Radar (ASR). (See AIRPORT SURVEILLANCE RADAR.) (See INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE.) (See PRECISION APPROACH RADAR.) (See SURVEILLANCE APPROACH.) (See ICAO term RADAR APPROACH.) (Refer to AIM.)
• RADAR APPROACH [ICAO] An approach, executed by an aircraft, under the direction of a radar controller.
• RADAR APPROACH CONTROL FACILITY A terminal ATC facility that uses radar and nonradar capabilities to provide approach control services to aircraft arriving, departing, or transiting airspace controlled by the facility (See APPROACH CONTROL SERVICE.) a. Provides radar ATC services to aircraft operating in the vicinity of one or more civil and/or military airports in a terminal area. The facility may provide services of a ground controlled approach (GCA); i.e., ASR and PAR approaches. A radar approach control facility may be operated by FAA, USAF, US Army, USN, USMC, or jointly by FAA and a military service. Specific facility nomenclatures are used for administrative purposes only and are related to the physical location of the facility and the operating service generally as follows: 1. Army Radar Approach Control (ARAC) (Army). 2. Radar Air Traffic Control Facility (RATCF) (Navy/FAA). 3. Radar Approach Control (RAPCON) (Air Force/FAA). 4. Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON) (FAA). 5. Air Traffic Control Tower (ATCT) (FAA). (Only those towers delegated approach control authority.).
• RADAR ARRIVAL An aircraft arriving at an airport served by a radar facility and in radar contact with the facility. (See NONRADAR.)
• RADAR BEACON (See RADAR.)
• RADAR CONTACT a. Used by ATC to inform an aircraft that it is identified on the radar display and radar flight following will be provided until radar identification is terminated. Radar service may also be provided within the limits of necessity and capability. When a pilot is informed of "radar contact," he automatically discontinues reporting over compulsory reporting points. (See RADAR CONTACT LOST.) (See RADAR FLIGHT FOLLOWING.) (See RADAR SERVICE.) (See RADAR SERVICE TERMINATED.) (Refer to AIM.) b. The term used to inform the controller that the aircraft is identified and approval is granted for the aircraft to enter the receiving controllers airspace. (See ICAO term RADAR CONTACT.)
• RADAR CONTACT LOST Used by ATC to inform a pilot that radar data used to determine the aircraft's position is no longer being received, or is no longer reliable and radar service is no longer being provided. The loss may be attributed to several factors including the aircraft merging with weather or ground clutter, the aircraft operating below radar line of sight coverage, the aircraft entering an area of poor radar return, failure of the aircraft transponder, or failure of the ground radar equipment. (See CLUTTER.) (See RADAR CONTACT.)
• RADAR CLUTTER [ICAO] The visual indication on a radar display of unwanted signals.
• RADAR CONTACT [ICAO] The situation which exists when the radar blip or radar position symbol of a particular aircraft is seen and identified on a radar display.
• RADAR ENVIRONMENT An area in which radar service may be provided. (See ADDITIONAL SERVICES.) (See RADAR CONTACT.) (See RADAR SERVICE.) (See TRAFFIC ADVISORIES.)
• RADAR FLIGHT FOLLOWING The observation of the progress of radar identified aircraft, whose primary navigation is being provided by the pilot, wherein the controller retains and correlates the aircraft identity with the appropriate target or target symbol displayed on the radar scope. (See RADAR CONTACT.) (See RADAR SERVICE.) (Refer to AIM.)
• RADAR IDENTIFICATION The process of ascertaining that an observed radar target is the radar return from a particular aircraft. (See RADAR CONTACT.) (See RADAR SERVICE.) (See ICAO term RADAR IDENTIFICATION.)
• RADAR IDENTIFICATION [ICAO] The process of correlating a particular radar blip or radar position symbol with a specific aircraft.
• RADAR IDENTIFIED AIRCRAFT An aircraft, the position of which has been correlated with an observed target or symbol on the radar display. (SeeRADAR CONTACT.) (See RADAR CONTACT LOST.)
• RADAR MONITORING (See RADAR SERVICE.)
• RADAR NAVIGATIONAL GUIDANCE (See RADAR SERVICE.)
• RADAR POINT OUT An action taken by a controller to transfer the radar identification of an aircraft to another controller if the aircraft will or may enter the airspace or protected airspace of another controller and radio communications will not be transferred.
• RADAR REQUIRED A term displayed on charts and approach plates and included in FDC NOTAM's to alert pilots that segments of either an instrument approach procedure or a route are not navigable because of either the absence or unusability of a NAVAID. The pilot can expect to be provided radar navigational guidance while transiting segments labeled with this term. (See RADAR ROUTE.) (SeeRADAR SERVICE.)
• RADAR ROUTE A flight path or route over which an aircraft is vectored. Navigational guidance and altitude assignments are provided by ATC. (See FLIGHT PATH.) (See ROUTE.)
• RADAR SEPARATION (See RADAR SERVICE.)
• RADAR SERVICE A term which encompasses one or more of the following services based on the use of radar which can be provided by a controller to a pilot of a radar identified aircraft. a. Radar Monitoring- The radar flight-following of aircraft, whose primary navigation is being performed by the pilot, to observe and note deviations from its authorized flight path, airway, or route. When being applied specifically to radar monitoring of instrument approaches; i.e., with precision approach radar (PAR) or radar monitoring of simultaneous ILS/MLS approaches, it includes advice and instructions whenever an aircraft nears or exceeds the prescribed PAR safety limit or simultaneous ILS/MLS no transgression zone. (See ADDITIONAL SERVICES.) (See TRAFFIC ADVISORIES.) b. Radar Navigational Guidance- Vectoring aircraft to provide course guidance. c. Radar Separation- Radar spacing of aircraft in accordance with established minima. (See ICAO term RADAR SERVICE.)
• RADAR SERVICE [ICAO] Term used to indicate a service provided directly by means of radar. a. Monitoring- The use of radar for the purpose of providing aircraft with information and advice relative to significant deviations from nominal flight path. b. Separation- The separation used when aircraft position information is derived from radar sources.
• RADAR SERVICE TERMINATED Used by ATC to inform a pilot that he will no longer be provided any of the services that could be received while in radar contact. Radar service is automatically terminated, and the pilot is not advised in the following cases: a. An aircraft cancels its IFR flight plan, except within Class B airspace, Class C airspace, a TRSA, or where Basic Radar service is provided. b. An aircraft conducting an instrument, visual, or contact approach has landed or has been instructed to change to advisory frequency. c. An arriving VFR aircraft, receiving radar service to a tower-controlled airport within Class B airspace, Class C airspace, a TRSA, or where sequencing service is provided, has landed; or to all other airports, is instructed to change to tower or advisory frequency. d. An aircraft completes a radar approach.
• RADAR SURVEILLANCE The radar observation of a given geographical area for the purpose of performing some radar function.
• RADAR TRAFFIC ADVISORIES Advisories issued to alert pilots to known or observed radar traffic which may affect the intended route of flight of their aircraft. (See TRAFFIC ADVISORIES.)
• RADAR TRAFFIC INFORMATION SERVICE (See TRAFFIC ADVISORIES.)
• RADAR VECTORING [ICAO] Provision of navigational guidance to aircraft in the form of specific headings, based on the use of radar.
• RADAR WEATHER ECHO INTENSITY LEVELS Existing radar systems cannot detect turbulence. However, there is a direct correlation between the degree of turbulence and other weather features associated with thunderstorms and the radar weather echo intensity. The National Weather Service has categorized radar weather echo intensity for precipitation into six levels. These levels are sometimes expressed during communications as "VIP LEVEL" 1 through 6 (derived from the component of the radar that produces the information- Video Integrator and Processor). The following list gives the "VIP LEVELS" in relation to the precipitation intensity within a thunderstorm: a. Level 1. WEAK b. Level 2. MODERATE c. Level 3. STRONG d. Level 4. VERY STRONG e. Level 5. INTENSE f. Level 6. EXTREME (See AC 00-45, Aviation Weather Services.)
• RADIAL A magnetic bearing extending from a VOR/VORTAC/TACAN navigation facility.
• RADIO a. A device used for communication. b. Used to refer to a flight service station; e.g., "Seattle Radio" is used to call Seattle FSS.
• RADIO ALTIMETER Aircraft equipment which makes use of the reflection of radio waves from the ground to determine the height of the aircraft above the surface.
• RADIO BEACON (See NONDIRECTIONAL BEACON.)
• RADIO DETECTION AND RANGING (See RADAR.)
• RADIO MAGNETIC INDICATOR An aircraft navigational instrument coupled with a gyro compass or similar compass that indicates the direction of a selected NAVAID and indicates bearing with respect to the heading of the aircraft.
• RAMP (See APRON.)
• RANDOM ALTITUDE An altitude inappropriate for direction of flight and/or not in accordance with FAAO 7110.65, Para 4-5-1, VERTICAL SEPARATION MINIMA.
• RANDOM ROUTE Any route not established or charted/published or not otherwise available to all users.
• RC (See ROAD RECONNAISSANCE.)
• RCAG (See REMOTE COMMUNICATIONS AIR/GROUND FACILITY.)
• RCC (See RESCUE COORDINATION CENTER.)
• RCO (See REMOTE COMMUNICATIONS OUTLET.)
• RCR (See RUNWAY CONDITION READING.)
• READ BACK Repeat my message back to me.
• RECEIVER AUTONOMOUS INTEGRITY MONITORING (RAIM) A technique whereby a civil GNSS receiver/processor determines the integrity of the GNSS navigation signals without reference to sensors or non-DoD integrity systems other than the receiver itself. This determination is achieved by a consistency check among redundant pseudorange measurements.
• RECEIVING CONTROLLER A controller/facility receiving control of an aircraft from another controller/facility.
• RECEIVING FACILITY (See RECEIVING CONTROLLER.)
• RECONFORMANCE The automated process of bringing an aircraft's Current Plan Trajectory into conformance with its track.
• REDUCE SPEED TO (SPEED) (See SPEED ADJUSTMENT.)
• REIL (See RUNWAY END IDENTIFIER LIGHTS.)
• RELEASE TIME A departure time restriction issued to a pilot by ATC (either directly or through an authorized relay) when necessary to separate a departing aircraft from other traffic. (See ICAO term RELEASE TIME.)
• RELEASE TIME [ICAO] Time prior to which an aircraft should be given further clearance or prior to which it should not proceed in case of radio failure.
• REMOTE COMMUNICATIONS AIR/GROUND FACILITY An unmanned VHF/UHF transmitter/receiver facility which is used to expand ARTCC air/ground communications coverage and to facilitate direct contact between pilots and controllers. RCAG facilities are sometimes not equipped with emergency frequencies 121.5 MHz and 243.0 MHz. (Refer to AIM.)
• REMOTE COMMUNICATIONS OUTLET An unmanned communications facility remotely controlled by air traffic personnel. RCO's serve FSS's. RTR's serve terminal ATC facilities. An RCO or RTR may be UHF or VHF and will extend the communication range of the air traffic facility. There are several classes of RCO's and RTR's. The class is determined by the number of transmitters or receivers. Classes A through G are used primarily for air/ground purposes. RCO and RTR class O facilities are nonprotected outlets subject to undetected and prolonged outages. RCO (O's) and RTR (O's) were established for the express purpose of providing ground-to-ground communications between air traffic control specialists and pilots located at a satellite airport for delivering en route clearances, issuing departure authorizations, and acknowledging instrument flight rules cancellations or departure/landing times. As a secondary function, they may be used for advisory purposes whenever the aircraft is below the coverage of the primary air/ground frequency.
• REMOTE TRANSMITTER/RECEIVER (See REMOTE COMMUNICATIONS OUTLET.)
• REPORT Used to instruct pilots to advise ATC of specified information; e.g., "Report passing Hamilton VOR."
• REPORTING POINT A geographical location in relation to which the position of an aircraft is reported. (See COMPULSORY REPORTING POINTS.) (See ICAO term REPORTING POINT.) (Refer to AIM.)
• REPORTING POINT [ICAO] A specified geographical location in relation to which the position of an aircraft can be reported.
• REQUEST FULL ROUTE CLEARANCE Used by pilots to request that the entire route of flight be read verbatim in an ATC clearance. Such request should be made to preclude receiving an ATC clearance based on the original filed flight plan when a filed IFR flight plan has been revised by the pilot, company, or operations prior to departure.
• REQUIRED NAVIGATION PERFORMANCE (RNP) A statement of the navigational performance necessary for operation within a defined airspace. The following terms are commonly associated with RNP: a. Required Navigation Performance Level or Type (RNP-X). A value, in nautical miles (NM), from the intended horizontal position within which an aircraft would be at least 95-percent of the total flying time. b. Required Navigation Performance (RNP) Airspace. A generic term designating airspace, route (s), leg (s), operation (s), or procedure (s) where minimum required navigational performance (RNP) have been established. c. Actual Navigation Performance (ANP). A measure of the current estimated navigational performance. Also referred to as Estimated Position Error (EPE). d. Estimated Position Error (EPE). A measure of the current estimated navigational performance. Also referred to as Actual Navigation Performance (ANP). e. Lateral Navigation (LNAV). A function of area navigation (RNAV) equipment which calculates, displays, and provides lateral guidance to a profile or path. f. Vertical Navigation (VNAV). A function of area navigation (RNAV) equipment which calculates, displays, and provides vertical guidance to a profile or path.
• RESCUE COORDINATION CENTER A search and rescue (SAR) facility equipped and manned to coordinate and control SAR operations in an area designated by the SAR plan. The U.S. Coast Guard and the U.S. Air Force have responsibility for the operation of RCC's. (See ICAO term RESCUE CO-ORDINATION CENTRE.)
• RESCUE CO-ORDINATION CENTRE [ICAO] A unit responsible for promoting efficient organization of search and rescue service and for coordinating the conduct of search and rescue operations within a search and rescue region.
• RESOLUTION ADVISORYA display indication given to the pilot by the traffic alert and collision avoidance systems (TCAS II) recommending a maneuver to increase vertical separation relative to an intruding aircraft. Positive, negative, and vertical speed limit (VSL) advisories constitute the resolution advisories. A resolution advisory is also classified as corrective or preventive
• RESTRICTED AREA (See SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE.) (See ICAO term RESTRICTED AREA.)
• RESTRICTED AREA [ICAO] An airspace of defined dimensions, above the land areas or territorial waters of a State, within which the flight of aircraft is restricted in accordance with certain specified conditions.
• RESUME OWN NAVIGATION Used by ATC to advise a pilot to resume his own navigational responsibility. It is issued after completion of a radar vector or when radar contact is lost while the aircraft is being radar vectored. (See RADAR CONTACT LOST.) (See RADAR SERVICE TERMINATED.)
• RESUME NORMAL SPEED Used by ATC to advise a pilot that previously issued speed control restrictions are deleted. An instruction to "resume normal speed" does not delete speed restrictions that are applicable to published procedures of upcoming segments of flight, unless specifically stated by ATC. This does not relieve the pilot of those speed restrictions which are applicable to FAR 91.117.
• RMI (See RADIO MAGNETIC INDICATOR.)
• RNAV (See AREA NAVIGATION.) (See ICAO Term AREA NAVIGATION.)
• RNAV APPROACH An instrument approach procedure which relies on aircraft area navigation equipment for navigational guidance. (See AREA NAVIGATION.) (See INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE.)
• ROAD RECONNAISSANCE Military activity requiring navigation along roads, railroads, and rivers. Reconnaissance route/route segments are seldom along a straight line and normally require a lateral route width of 10 NM to 30 NM and an altitude range of 500 feet to 10,000 feet AGL.
• ROGER I have received all of your last transmission. It should not be used to answer a question requiring a yes or a no answer. (See AFFIRMATIVE.) (See NEGATIVE.)
• ROLLOUT RVR (See VISIBILITY.)
• ROUTE A defined path, consisting of one or more courses in a horizontal plane, which aircraft traverse over the surface of the earth. (See AIRWAY.) (See JET ROUTE.) (See PUBLISHED ROUTE.) (See UNPUBLISHED ROUTE.)
• ROUTE ACTION NOTIFICATION URET CCLD notification that a PAR/PDR/PDAR has been applied to the flight plan. (See ATC PREFERRED ROUTE NOTIFICATION.) (See USER REQUEST EVALUATION TOOL CORE CAPABILITY LIMITED DEPLOYMENT.)
• ROUTE SEGMENT As used in Air Traffic Control, a part of a route that can be defined by two navigational fixes, two NAVAID's, or a fix and a NAVAID. (See FIX.) (See ROUTE.) (See ICAO term ROUTE SEGMENT.)
• ROUTE SEGMENT [ICAO] A portion of a route to be flown, as defined by two consecutive significant points specified in a flight plan.
• RSA (See RUNWAY SAFETY AREA.)
• RTR (See REMOTE TRANSMITTER/RECEIVER.)
• RUNWAY A defined rectangular area on a land airport prepared for the landing and takeoff run of aircraft along its length. Runways are normally numbered in relation to their magnetic direction rounded off to the nearest 10 degrees; e.g., Runway 1, Runway 25. (See PARALLEL RUNWAYS.) (See ICAO term RUNWAY.)
• RUNWAY [ICAO] A defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and takeoff of aircraft.
• RUNWAY CENTERLINE LIGHTING (See AIRPORT LIGHTING.)
• RUNWAY CONDITION READING Numerical decelerometer readings relayed by air traffic controllers at USAF and certain civil bases for use by the pilot in determining runway braking action. These readings are routinely relayed only to USAF and Air National Guard Aircraft. (See BRAKING ACTION.)
• RUNWAY END IDENTIFIER LIGHTS (See AIRPORT LIGHTING.)
• RUNWAY GRADIENT The average slope, measured in percent, between two ends or points on a runway. Runway gradient is depicted on Government aerodrome sketches when total runway gradient exceeds 0.3%.
• RUNWAY HEADING The magnetic direction that corresponds with the runway centerline extended, not the painted runway number. When cleared to "fly or maintain runway heading," pilots are expected to fly or maintain the heading that corresponds with the extended centerline of the departure runway. Drift correction shall not be applied; e.g., Runway 4, actual magnetic heading of the runway centerline 044, fly 044.
• RUNWAY IN USE/ACTIVE RUNWAY/DUTY RUNWAY Any runway or runways currently being used for takeoff or landing. When multiple runways are used, they are all considered active runways. In the metering sense, a selectable adapted item which specifies the landing runway configuration or direction of traffic flow. The adapted optimum flight plan from each transition fix to the vertex is determined by the runway configuration for arrival metering processing purposes.
• RUNWAY LIGHTS (See AIRPORT LIGHTING.)
• RUNWAY MARKINGS (See AIRPORT MARKING AIDS.)
• RUNWAY OVERRUN In military aviation exclusively, a stabilized or paved area beyond the end of a runway, of the same width as the runway plus shoulders, centered on the extended runway centerline.
• RUNWAY PROFILE DESCENT An instrument flight rules (IFR) air traffic control arrival procedure to a runway published for pilot use in graphic and/or textual form and may be associated with a STAR. Runway Profile Descents provide routing and may depict crossing altitudes, speed restrictions, and headings to be flown from the en route structure to the point where the pilot will receive clearance for and execute an instrument approach procedure. A Runway Profile Descent may apply to more than one runway if so stated on the chart. (Refer to AIM.)
• RUNWAY SAFETY AREA A defined surface surrounding the runway prepared, or suitable, for reducing the risk of damage to airplanes in the event of an undershoot, overshoot, or excursion from the runway. The dimensions of the RSA vary and can be determined by using the criteria contained within AC 150/5300-13, Airport Design, Chapter 3. Figure 3-1 in AC 150/5300-13 depicts the RSA. The design standards dictate that the RSA shall be: a. Cleared, graded, and have no potentially hazardous ruts, humps, depressions, or other surface variations; b. Drained by grading or storm sewers to prevent water accumulation; c. Capable, under dry conditions, of supporting snow removal equipment, aircraft rescue and firefighting equipment, and the occasional passage of aircraft without causing structural damage to the aircraft; and, d. Free of objects, except for objects that need to be located in the runway safety area because of their function. These objects shall be constructed on low impact resistant supports (frangible mounted structures) to the lowest practical height with the frangible point no higher than 3 inches above grade. (Refer to AC 150/5300-13, Airport Design, Chapter 3.)
• RUNWAY USE PROGRAM A noise abatement runway selection plan designed to enhance noise abatement efforts with regard to airport communities for arriving and departing aircraft. These plans are developed into runway use programs and apply to all turbojet aircraft 12,500 pounds or heavier; turbojet aircraft less than 12,500 pounds are included only if the airport proprietor determines that the aircraft creates a noise problem. Runway use programs are coordinated with FAA offices, and safety criteria used in these programs are developed by the Office of Flight Operations. Runway use programs are administered by the Air Traffic Service as "Formal" or "Informal" programs. a. Formal Runway Use Program- An approved noise abatement program which is defined and acknowledged in a Letter of Understanding between Flight Operations, Air Traffic Service, the airport proprietor, and the users. Once established, participation in the program is mandatory for aircraft operators and pilots as provided for in FAR Part 91.129. b. Informal Runway Use Program- An approved noise abatement program which does not require a Letter of Understanding, and participation in the program is voluntary for aircraft operators/pilots.
• RUNWAY VISIBILITY VALUE (See VISIBILITY.)
• RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE (See VISIBILITY.)
• SAA (See SPECIAL ACTIVITY AIRSPACE.)
• SAFETY ALERT A safety alert issued by ATC to aircraft under their control if ATC is aware the aircraft is at an altitude which, in the controller's judgment, places the aircraft in unsafe proximity to terrain, obstructions, or other aircraft. The controller may discontinue the issuance of further alerts if the pilot advises he is taking action to correct the situation or has the other aircraft in sight. a. Terrain/Obstruction Alert- A safety alert issued by ATC to aircraft under their control if ATC is aware the aircraft is at an altitude which, in the controller's judgment, places the aircraft in unsafe proximity to terrain/obstructions; e.g., "Low Altitude Alert, check your altitude immediately." b. Aircraft Conflict Alert- A safety alert issued by ATC to aircraft under their control if ATC is aware of an aircraft that is not under their control at an altitude which, in the controller's judgment, places both aircraft in unsafe proximity to each other. With the alert, ATC will offer the pilot an alternate course of action when feasible; e.g., "Traffic Alert, advise you turn right heading zero niner zero or climb to eight thousand immediately." The issuance of a safety alert is contingent upon the capability of the controller to have an awareness of an unsafe condition. The course of action provided will be predicated on other traffic under ATC control. Once the alert is issued, it is solely the pilot's prerogative to determine what course of action, if any, he will take.
• SAIL BACK A maneuver during high wind conditions (usually with power off) where float plane movement is controlled by water rudders/opening and closing cabin doors.
• SAME DIRECTION AIRCRAFT Aircraft are operating in the same direction when: a. They are following the same track in the same direction; or b. Their tracks are parallel and the aircraft are flying in the same direction; or c. Their tracks intersect at an angle of less than 45 degrees.
• SAR (See SEARCH AND RESCUE.)
• SAY AGAIN Used to request a repeat of the last transmission. Usually specifies transmission or portion thereof not understood or received; e.g., "Say again all after ABRAM VOR."
• SAY ALTITUDE Used by ATC to ascertain an aircraft's specific altitude/flight level. When the aircraft is climbing or descending, the pilot should state the indicated altitude rounded to the nearest 100 feet.
• SAY HEADING Used by ATC to request an aircraft heading. The pilot should state the actual heading of the aircraft.
• SDF (See SIMPLIFIED DIRECTIONAL FACILITY.)
• SEA LANE A designated portion of water outlined by visual surface markers for and intended to be used by aircraft designed to operate on water.
• SEARCH AND RESCUE A service which seeks missing aircraft and assists those found to be in need of assistance. It is a cooperative effort using the facilities and services of available Federal, state and local agencies. The U.S. Coast Guard is responsible for coordination of search and rescue for the Maritime Region, and the U.S. Air Force is responsible for search and rescue for the Inland Region. Information pertinent to search and rescue should be passed through any air traffic facility or be transmitted directly to the Rescue Coordination Center by telephone. (See FLIGHT SERVICE STATION.) (See RESCUE COORDINATION CENTER.) (Refer to AIM.)
• SEARCH AND RESCUE FACILITY A facility responsible for maintaining and operating a search and rescue (SAR) service to render aid to persons and property in distress. It is any SAR unit, station, NET, or other operational activity which can be usefully employed during an SAR Mission; e.g., a Civil Air Patrol Wing, or a Coast Guard Station. (See SEARCH AND RESCUE.)
• SECTIONAL AERONAUTICAL CHARTS (See AERONAUTICAL CHART.)
• SECTOR LIST DROP INTERVAL A parameter number of minutes after the meter fix time when arrival aircraft will be deleted from the arrival sector list.
• SEE AND AVOID When weather conditions permit, pilots operating IFR or VFR are required to observe and maneuver to avoid other aircraft. Right-of-way rules are contained in FAR Part 91.
• SEGMENTED CIRCLE A system of visual indicators designed to provide traffic pattern information at airports without operating control towers. (Refer to AIM.)
• SEGMENTS OF AN INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE An instrument approach procedure may have as many as four separate segments depending on how the approach procedure is structured. a. Initial Approach- The segment between the initial approach fix and the intermediate fix or the point where the aircraft is established on the intermediate course or final approach course. (See ICAO term INITIAL APPROACH SEGMENT.) b. Intermediate Approach- The segment between the intermediate fix or point and the final approach fix. (See ICAO term INTERMEDIATE APPROACH SEGMENT.) c. Final Approach- The segment between the final approach fix or point and the runway, airport, or missed approach point. (See ICAO term FINAL APPROACH SEGMENT.) d. Missed Approach- The segment between the missed approach point or the point of arrival at decision height and the missed approach fix at the prescribed altitude. (Refer to FAR Part 97.) (See ICAO term MISSED APPROACH PROCEDURE.)
• SELECTED GROUND DELAYS A traffic management procedure whereby selected flights are issued ground delays to better regulate traffic flows over a particular fix or area.
• SEPARATION In air traffic control, the spacing of aircraft to achieve their safe and orderly movement in flight and while landing and taking off. (See SEPARATION MINIMA.) (See ICAO term SEPARATION.)
• SEPARATION [ICAO] Spacing between aircraft, levels or tracks.
• SEPARATION MINIMA The minimum longitudinal, lateral, or vertical distances by which aircraft are spaced through the application of air traffic control procedures. (See SEPARATION.)
• SERVICE A generic term that designates functions or assistance available from or rendered by air traffic control. For example, Class C service would denote the ATC services provided within a Class C airspace area.
• SEVERE WEATHER AVOIDANCE PLAN An approved plan to minimize the affect of severe weather on traffic flows in impacted terminal and/or ARTCC areas. SWAP is normally implemented to provide the least disruption to the ATC system when flight through portions of airspace is difficult or impossible due to severe weather.
• SEVERE WEATHER FORECAST ALERTS Preliminary messages issued in order to alert users that a Severe Weather Watch Bulletin (WW) is being issued. These messages define areas of possible severe thunderstorms or tornado activity. The messages are unscheduled and issued as required by the National Severe Storm Forecast Center at Kansas City, Missouri. (See AIRMET.) (See SIGMET.) (See CONVECTIVE SIGMET.) (See CWA.)
• SFA (See SINGLE FREQUENCY APPROACH.)
• SFO (See SIMULATED FLAMEOUT.)
• SHF (See SUPER HIGH FREQUENCY.)
• SHORT RANGE CLEARANCE A clearance issued to a departing IFR flight which authorizes IFR flight to a specific fix short of the destination while air traffic control facilities are coordinating and obtaining the complete clearance.
• SHORT TAKEOFF AND LANDING AIRCRAFT An aircraft which, at some weight within its approved operating weight, is capable of operating from a STOL runway in compliance with the applicable STOL characteristics, airworthiness, operations, noise, and pollution standards. (See VERTICAL TAKEOFF AND LANDING AIRCRAFT.)
• SIAP (See STANDARD INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE.)
• SIDESTEP MANEUVER A visual maneuver accomplished by a pilot at the completion of an instrument approach to permit a straight-in landing on a parallel runway not more than 1,200 feet to either side of the runway to which the instrument approach was conducted. (Refer to AIM.)
• SIGMET A weather advisory issued concerning weather significant to the safety of all aircraft. SIGMET advisories cover severe and extreme turbulence, severe icing, and widespread dust or sandstorms that reduce visibility to less than 3 miles. (See AIRMET.) (See AWW.) (See CONVECTIVE SIGMET.) (See CWA.) (See ICAO term SIGMET INFORMATION.) (Refer to AIM.)
• SIGMET INFORMATION [ICAO] Information issued by a meteorological watch office concerning the occurrence or expected occurrence of specified en-route weather phenomena which may affect the safety of aircraft operations.
• SIGNIFICANT METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION (See SIGMET.)
• SIGNIFICANT POINT A point, whether a named intersection, a NAVAID, a fix derived from a NAVAID(s), or geographical coordinate expressed in degrees of latitude and longitude, which is established for the purpose of providing separation, as a reporting point, or to delineate a route of flight.
• SIMPLIFIED DIRECTIONAL FACILITY A NAVAID used for nonprecision instrument approaches. The final approach course is similar to that of an ILS localizer except that the SDF course may be offset from the runway, generally not more than 3 degrees, and the course may be wider than the localizer, resulting in a lower degree of accuracy. (Refer to AIM.)
• SIMULATED FLAMEOUT A practice approach by a jet aircraft (normally military) at idle thrust to a runway. The approach may start at a runway (high key) and may continue on a relatively high and wide downwind leg with a continuous turn to final. It terminates in landing or low approach. The purpose of this approach is to simulate a flameout. (See FLAMEOUT.)
• SIMULTANEOUS ILS APPROACHES An approach system permitting simultaneous ILS/MLS approaches to airports having parallel runways separated by at least 4,300 feet between centerlines. Integral parts of a total system are ILS/MLS, radar, communications, ATC procedures, and appropriate airborne equipment. (See PARALLEL RUNWAYS.) (Refer to AIM.)
• SIMULTANEOUS MLS APPROACHES (See SIMULTANEOUS ILS APPROACHES.)
• SINGLE DIRECTION ROUTES Preferred IFR Routes which are sometimes depicted on high altitude en route charts and which are normally flown in one direction only. (See PREFERRED IFR ROUTES.) (Refer to AIRPORT/FACILITY DIRECTORY.)
• SINGLE FREQUENCY APPROACH A service provided under a letter of agreement to military single-piloted turbojet aircraft which permits use of a single UHF frequency during approach for landing. Pilots will not normally be required to change frequency from the beginning of the approach to touchdown except that pilots conducting an en route descent are required to change frequency when control is transferred from the air route traffic control center to the terminal facility. The abbreviation "SFA" in the DOD FLIP IFR Supplement under "Communications" indicates this service is available at an aerodrome.
• SINGLE-PILOTED AIRCRAFT A military turbojet aircraft possessing one set of flight controls, tandem cockpits, or two sets of flight controls but operated by one pilot is considered single-piloted by ATC when determining the appropriate air traffic service to be applied. (See SINGLE FREQUENCY APPROACH.)
• SLASH A radar beacon reply displayed as an elongated target.
• SLDI (See SECTOR LIST DROP INTERVAL.)
• SLOT TIME (See METER FIX TIME/SLOT TIME.)
• SLOW TAXI To taxi a float plane at low power or low RPM.
• SN (See SYSTEM STRATEGIC NAVIGATION.)
• SPEAK SLOWER Used in verbal communications as a request to reduce speech rate.
• SPECIAL ACTIVITY AIRSPACE (SAA) Any airspace with defined dimensions within the National Airspace System wherein limitations may be imposed upon aircraft operations. This airspace may be restricted areas, prohibited areas, military operations areas, air ATC assigned airspace, and any other designated airspace areas. The dimensions of this airspace are programmed into URET CCLD and can be designated as either active or inactive by screen entry. Aircraft trajectories are constantly tested against the dimensions of active areas and alerts issued to the applicable sectors when violations are predicted. (See USER REQUEST EVALUATION TOOL CORE CAPABILITY LIMITED DEPLOYMENT.)
• SPECIAL EMERGENCY A condition of air piracy or other hostile act by a person(s) aboard an aircraft which threatens the safety of the aircraft or its passengers.
• SPECIAL INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE (See INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE.)
• SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE Airspace of defined dimensions identified by an area on the surface of the earth wherein activities must be confined because of their nature and/or wherein limitations may be imposed upon aircraft operations that are not a part of those activities. Types of special use airspace are: a. Alert Area- Airspace which may contain a high volume of pilot training activities or an unusual type of aerial activity, neither of which is hazardous to aircraft. Alert Areas are depicted on aeronautical charts for the information of nonparticipating pilots. All activities within an Alert Area are conducted in accordance with Federal Aviation Regulations, and pilots of participating aircraft as well as pilots transiting the area are equally responsible for collision avoidance. b. Controlled Firing Area- Airspace wherein activities are conducted under conditions so controlled as to eliminate hazards to nonparticipating aircraft and to ensure the safety of persons and property on the ground. c. Military Operations Area (MOA)- A MOA is airspace established outside of Class A airspace area to separate or segregate certain nonhazardous military activities from IFR traffic and to identify for VFR traffic where these activities are conducted. (Refer to AIM.) d. Prohibited Area- Airspace designated under part 73 within which no person may operate an aircraft without the permission of the using agency. (Refer to En Route Charts, AIM.) e. Restricted Area- Airspace designated under FAR Part 73, within which the flight of aircraft, while not wholly prohibited, is subject to restriction. Most restricted areas are designated joint use and IFR/VFR operations in the area may be authorized by the controlling ATC facility when it is not being utilized by the using agency. Restricted areas are depicted on en route charts. Where joint use is authorized, the name of the ATC controlling facility is also shown. (Refer to FAR Part 73.) (Refer to AIM.) f. Warning Area- A warning area is airspace of defined dimensions extending from 3 nautical miles outward from the coast of the United States, that contains activity that may be hazardous to nonparticipating aircraft. The purpose of such warning area is to warn nonparticipating pilots of the potential danger. A warning area may be located over domestic or international waters or both.
• SPECIAL VFR CONDITIONS Meteorological conditions that are less than those required for basic VFR flight in Class B, C, D, or E surface areas and in which some aircraft are permitted flight under visual flight rules. (See SPECIAL VFR OPERATIONS.) (Refer to FAR Part 91.)
• SPECIAL VFR FLIGHT [ICAO] A VFR flight cleared by air traffic control to operate within Class B, C, D, and E surface areas in metrological conditions below VMC.
• SPECIAL VFR OPERATIONS Aircraft operating in accordance with clearances within Class B, C, D, and E surface areas in weather conditions less than the basic VFR weather minima. Such operations must be requested by the pilot and approved by ATC. (See SPECIAL VFR CONDITIONS.) (See ICAO term SPECIAL VFR FLIGHT.)
• SPEED (See AIRSPEED.) (See GROUND SPEED.)
• SPEED ADJUSTMENT An ATC procedure used to request pilots to adjust aircraft speed to a specific value for the purpose of providing desired spacing. Pilots are expected to maintain a speed of plus or minus 10 knots or 0.02 Mach number of the specified speed. Examples of speed adjustments are: a. "Increase/reduce speed to Mach point (number.)" b. "Increase/reduce speed to (speed in knots)" or "Increase/reduce speed (number of knots) knots."
• SPEED BRAKES Moveable aerodynamic devices on aircraft that reduce airspeed during descent and landing.
• SPEED SEGMENTS Portions of the arrival route between the transition point and the vertex along the optimum flight path for which speeds and altitudes are specified. There is one set of arrival speed segments adapted from each transition point to each vertex. Each set may contain up to six segments.
• SQUAWK (Mode, Code, Function) Activate specific modes/codes/functions on the aircraft transponder; e.g., "Squawk three/alpha, two one zero five, low." (See TRANSPONDER.)
• STAGING/QUEUING The placement, integration, and segregation of departure aircraft in designated movement areas of an airport by departure fix, EDCT, and/or restriction.
• STANDARD INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE (See INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE.)
• STANDARD RATE TURN A turn of three degrees per second.
• STANDARD TERMINAL ARRIVAL A preplanned instrument flight rule (IFR) air traffic control arrival procedure published for pilot use in graphic and/or textual form. STAR's provide transition from the en route structure to an outer fix or an instrument approach fix/arrival waypoint in the terminal area.
• STANDARD TERMINAL ARRIVAL CHARTS (See AERONAUTICAL CHART.)
• STAND BY Means the controller or pilot must pause for a few seconds, usually to attend to other duties of a higher priority. Also means to wait as in "stand by for clearance." The caller should reestablish contact if a delay is lengthy. "Stand by" is not an approval or denial.
• STAR (See STANDARD TERMINAL ARRIVAL.)
• STATE AIRCRAFT Aircraft used in military, customs and police service, in the exclusive service of any government, or of any political subdivision, thereof including the government of any state, territory, or possession of the United States or the District of Columbia, but not including any government-owned aircraft engaged in carrying persons or property for commercial purposes.
• STATIC RESTRICTIONS Those restrictions that are usually not subject to change, fixed, in place, and/or published.
• STATIONARY RESERVATIONS Altitude reservations which encompass activities in a fixed area. Stationary reservations may include activities, such as special tests of weapons systems or equipment, certain U.S. Navy carrier, fleet, and anti-submarine operations, rocket, missile and drone operations, and certain aerial refueling or similar operations.
• STEPDOWN FIX A fix permitting additional descent within a segment of an instrument approach procedure by identifying a point at which a controlling obstacle has been safely overflown.
• STEP TAXI To taxi a float plane at full power or high RPM.
• STEP TURN A maneuver used to put a float plane in a planing configuration prior to entering an active sea lane for takeoff. The STEP TURN maneuver should only be used upon pilot request.
• STEREO ROUTE A routinely used route of flight established by users and ARTCC's identified by a coded name; e.g., ALPHA 2. These routes minimize flight plan handling and communications.
• STOL AIRCRAFT (See SHORT TAKEOFF AND LANDING AIRCRAFT.)
• STOP ALTITUDE SQUAWK Used by ATC to inform an aircraft to turn-off the automatic altitude reporting feature of its transponder. It is issued when the verbally reported altitude varies 300 feet or more from the automatic altitude report. (See ALTITUDE READOUT.) (See TRANSPONDER.)
• STOP AND GO A procedure wherein an aircraft will land, make a complete stop on the runway, and then commence a takeoff from that point. (See LOW APPROACH.) (See OPTION APPROACH.)
• STOP BURST (See STOP STREAM.)
• STOP BUZZER (See STOP STREAM.)
• STOPOVER FLIGHT PLAN A flight plan format which permits in a single submission the filing of a sequence of flight plans through interim full-stop destinations to a final destination.
• STOP SQUAWK (Mode or Code) Used by ATC to tell the pilot to turn specified functions of the aircraft transponder off. (See STOP ALTITUDE SQUAWK.) (See TRANSPONDER.)
• STOP STREAM Used by ATC to request a pilot to suspend electronic countermeasure activity. (See JAMMING.)
• STOPWAY An area beyond the takeoff runway no less wide than the runway and centered upon the extended centerline of the runway, able to support the airplane during an aborted takeoff, without causing structural damage to the airplane, and designated by the airport authorities for use in decelerating the airplane during an aborted takeoff.
• STRAIGHT-IN APPROACH IFR An instrument approach wherein final approach is begun without first having executed a procedure turn, not necessarily completed with a straight-in landing or made to straight-in landing minimums. (See STRAIGHT-IN LANDING.) (See LANDING MINIMUMS.) (See STRAIGHT-IN APPROACH VFR.)
• STRAIGHT-IN APPROACH VFR Entry into the traffic pattern by interception of the extended runway centerline (final approach course) without executing any other portion of the traffic pattern. (See TRAFFIC PATTERN.)
• STRAIGHT-IN LANDING A landing made on a runway aligned within 30ƒ of the final approach course following completion of an instrument approach. (See STRAIGHT-IN APPROACH IFR.)
• STRAIGHT-IN LANDING MINIMUMS (See LANDING MINIMUMS.)
• STRAIGHT-IN MINIMUMS (See STRAIGHT-IN LANDING MINIMUMS.)
• STRATEGIC PLANNING Planning whereby solutions are sought to resolve potential conflicts.
• SUBSTITUTIONS Users are permitted to exchange CTA's. Normally, the airline dispatcher will contact the ATCSCC with this request. The ATCSCC shall forward approved substitutions to the TMU's who will notify the appropriate terminals. Permissible swapping must not change the traffic load for any given hour of an EQF program.
• SUBSTITUTE ROUTE A route assigned to pilots when any part of an airway or route is unusable because of NAVAID status. These routes consist of: a. Substitute routes which are shown on U.S. Government charts. b. Routes defined by ATC as specific NAVAID radials or courses. c. Routes defined by ATC as direct to or between NAVAID's.
• SUNSET AND SUNRISE The mean solar times of sunset and sunrise as published in the Nautical Almanac, converted to local standard time for the locality concerned. Within Alaska, the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight, as defined for each locality.
• SUPER HIGH FREQUENCY The frequency band between 3 and 30 gigahertz (GHz). The elevation and azimuth stations of the microwave landing system operate from 5031 MHz to 5091 MHz in this spectrum.
• SUPPLEMENTAL WEATHER SERVICE LOCATION Airport facilities staffed with contract personnel who take weather observations and provide current local weather to pilots via telephone or radio. (All other services are provided by the parent FSS).
• SUPPS Refers to ICAO Document 7030 Regional Supplementary Procedures. SUPPS contain procedures for each ICAO Region which are unique to that Region and are not covered in the worldwide provisions identified in the ICAO Air Navigation Plan. Procedures contained in chapter 8 are based in part on those published in SUPPS.
• SURFACE AREA The airspace contained by the lateral boundary of the Class B, C, D, or E airspace designated for an airport that begins at the surface and extends upward.
• SURPIC A description of surface vessels in the area of a Search and Rescue incident including their predicted positions and their characteristics. (See FAAO 7110.65, Para 10-6-4, INFLIGHT CONTINGENCIES.)
• SURVEILLANCE APPROACH An instrument approach wherein the air traffic controller issues instructions, for pilot compliance, based on aircraft position in relation to the final approach course (azimuth), and the distance (range) from the end of the runway as displayed on the controller's radar scope. The controller will provide recommended altitudes on final approach if requested by the pilot. (Refer to AIM.)
• SWAP (See SEVERE WEATHER AVOIDANCE PLAN.)
• SWSL (See SUPPLEMENTAL WEATHER SERVICE LOCATION.)
• SYSTEM STRATEGIC NAVIGATION Military activity accomplished by navigating along a preplanned route using internal aircraft systems to maintain a desired track. This activity normally requires a lateral route width of 10 NM and altitude range of 1,000 feet to 6,000 feet AGL with some route segments that permit terrain following.
• TACAN (See TACTICAL AIR NAVIGATION.)
• TACAN-ONLY AIRCRAFT An aircraft, normally military, possessing TACAN with DME but no VOR navigational system capability. Clearances must specify TACAN or VORTAC fixes and approaches.
• TACTICAL AIR NAVIGATION An ultra-high frequency electronic rho-theta air navigation aid which provides suitably equipped aircraft a continuous indication of bearing and distance to the TACAN station. (See VORTAC.) (Refer to AIM.)
• TAILWIND Any wind more than 90 degrees to the longitudinal axis of the runway. The magnetic direction of the runway shall be used as the basis for determining the longitudinal axis.
• TAKEOFF AREA (See LANDING AREA.)
• TAKE-OFF DISTANCE AVAILABLE [ICAO] The length of the take-off run available plus the length of the clearway, if provided.
• TAKE-OFF RUN AVAILABLE [ICAO] The length of runway declared available and suitable for the ground run of an aeroplane take-off.
• TARGET The indication shown on a radar display resulting from a primary radar return or a radar beacon reply. (See RADAR.) (See TARGET SYMBOL.) (See ICAO term TARGET.)
• TARGET [ICAO] In radar: a. Generally, any discrete object which reflects or retransmits energy back to the radar equipment. b. Specifically, an object of radar search or surveillance.
• TARGET RESOLUTION A process to ensure that correlated radar targets do not touch. Target resolution shall be applied as follows: a. Between the edges of two primary targets or the edges of the ASR-9 primary target symbol. b. Between the end of the beacon control slash and the edge of a primary target. c. Between the ends of two beacon control slashes.
• MANDATORY TRAFFIC ADVISORIES AND SAFETY ALERTS SHALL BE ISSUED WHEN THIS PROCEDURE IS USED. Note: This procedure shall not be provided utilizing mosaic radar systems.
• TARGET SYMBOL A computer-generated indication shown on a radar display resulting from a primary radar return or a radar beacon reply.
• TAXI The movement of an airplane under its own power on the surface of an airport (FAR Part 135.100 [Note]). Also, it describes the surface movement of helicopters equipped with wheels. (See AIR TAXI.) (See HOVER TAXI.) (Refer to AIM.) (Refer to FAR Part 135.100.)
• TAXI INTO POSITION AND HOLD Used by ATC to inform a pilot to taxi onto the departure runway in takeoff position and hold. It is not authorization for takeoff. It is used when takeoff clearance cannot immediately be issued because of traffic or other reasons. (See CLEARED FOR TAKEOFF.)
• TAXI PATTERNS Patterns established to illustrate the desired flow of ground traffic for the different runways or airport areas available for use.
• TCAS (See TRAFFIC ALERT AND COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM.)
• TCH (See THRESHOLD CROSSING HEIGHT.)
• TCLT (See TENTATIVE CALCULATED LANDING TIME.)
• TDZE (See TOUCHDOWN ZONE ELEVATION.)
• TELEPHONE INFORMATION BRIEFING SERVICE A continuous telephone recording of meteorological and/or aeronautical information. (Refer to AIM.)
• TENTATIVE CALCULATED LANDING TIME A projected time calculated for adapted vertex for each arrival aircraft based upon runway configuration, airport acceptance rate, airport arrival delay period, and other metered arrival aircraft. This time is either the VTA of the aircraft or the TCLT/ACLT of the previous aircraft plus the AAI, whichever is later. This time will be updated in response to an aircraft's progress and its current relationship to other arrivals.
• TERMINAL AREA A general term used to describe airspace in which approach control service or airport traffic control service is provided.
• TERMINAL AREA FACILITY A facility providing air traffic control service for arriving and departing IFR, VFR, Special VFR, and on occasion en route aircraft. (See APPROACH CONTROL FACILITY.) (See TOWER.)
• TERMINAL RADAR SERVICE AREA Airspace surrounding designated airports wherein ATC provides radar vectoring, sequencing, and separation on a full-time basis for all IFR and participating VFR aircraft. The AIM contains an explanation of TRSA. TRSA's are depicted on VFR aeronautical charts. Pilot participation is urged but is not mandatory.
• TERMINAL VFR RADAR SERVICE A national program instituted to extend the terminal radar services provided instrument flight rules (IFR) aircraft to visual flight rules (VFR) aircraft. The program is divided into four types service referred to as basic radar service, terminal radar service area (TRSA) service, Class B service and Class C service. The type of service provided at a particular location is contained in the Airport/Facility Directory. a. Basic Radar Service- These services are provided for VFR aircraft by all commissioned terminal radar facilities. Basic radar service includes safety alerts, traffic advisories, limited radar vectoring when requested by the pilot, and sequencing at locations where procedures have been established for this purpose and/or when covered by a letter of agreement. The purpose of this service is to adjust the flow of arriving IFR and VFR aircraft into the traffic pattern in a safe and orderly manner and to provide traffic advisories to departing VFR aircraft. b. TRSA Service- This service provides, in addition to basic radar service, sequencing of all IFR and participating VFR aircraft to the primary airport and separation between all participating VFR aircraft. The purpose of this service is to provide separation between all participating VFR aircraft and all IFR aircraft operating within the area defined as a TRSA. c. Class C Service- This service provides, in addition to basic radar service, approved separation between IFR and VFR aircraft, and sequencing of VFR aircraft, and sequencing of VFR arrivals to the primary airport. d. Class B Service- This service provides, in addition to basic radar service, approved separation of aircraft based on IFR, VFR, and/or weight, and sequencing of VFR arrivals to the primary airport(s). (See CONTROLLED AIRSPACE.) (See TERMINAL RADAR SERVICE AREA.) (Refer to AIM.) (Refer to AIRPORT/FACILITY DIRECTORY.)
• TERMINAL-VERY HIGH FREQUENCY OMNIDIRECTIONAL RANGE STATION A very high frequency terminal omnirange station located on or near an airport and used as an approach aid. (See NAVIGATIONAL AID.) (See VOR.)
• TERRAIN FOLLOWING The flight of a military aircraft maintaining a constant AGL altitude above the terrain or the highest obstruction. The altitude of the aircraft will constantly change with the varying terrain and/or obstruction.
• TETRAHEDRON A device normally located on uncontrolled airports and used as a landing direction indicator. The small end of a tetrahedron points in the direction of landing. At controlled airports, the tetrahedron, if installed, should be disregarded because tower instructions supersede the indicator. (See SEGMENTED CIRCLE.) (Refer to AIM.)
• TF (See TERRAIN FOLLOWING.)
• THAT IS CORRECT The understanding you have is right.
• 360 OVERHEAD (See OVERHEAD APPROACH.)
• THRESHOLD The beginning of that portion of the runway usable for landing. (See AIRPORT LIGHTING.) (See DISPLACED THRESHOLD.)
• THRESHOLD CROSSING HEIGHT The theoretical height above the runway threshold at which the aircraft's glideslope antenna would be if the aircraft maintains the trajectory established by the mean ILS glideslope or MLS glidepath. (See GLIDESLOPE.) (See THRESHOLD.)
• THRESHOLD LIGHTS (See AIRPORT LIGHTING.)
• TIBS (See TELEPHONE INFORMATION BRIEFING SERVICE.)
• TIME GROUP Four digits representing the hour and minutes from the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) clock. FAA uses UTC for all operations. The term "ZULU:" may be used to denote UTC. The word "local" or the time zone equivalent shall be used to denote local when local time is given during radio and telephone communications. When written, a time zone designator is used to indicate local time; e.g. "0205M" (Mountain). The local time may be based on the 24-hour clock system. The day begins at 0000 and ends at 2359.
• TMPA (See TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PROGRAM ALERT.)
• TMU (See TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT UNIT.)
• TODA [ICAO] (See ICAO Term TAKE-OFF DISTANCE AVAILABLE.)
• TORA [ICAO] (See ICAO Term TAKE-OFF RUN AVAILABLE.)
• TORCHING The burning of fuel at the end of an exhaust pipe or stack of a reciprocating aircraft engine, the result of an excessive richness in the fuel air mixture.
• TOTAL ESTIMATED ELAPSED TIME [ICAO] For IFR flights, the estimated time required from take-off to arrive over that designated point, defined by reference to navigation aids, from which it is intended that an instrument approach procedure will be commenced, or, if no navigation aid is associated with the destination aerodrome, to arrive over the destination aerodrome. For VFR flights, the estimated time required from takeoff to arrive over the destination aerodrome. (See ESTIMATED ELAPSED TIME.)
• TOUCH_AND_GO An operation by an aircraft that lands and departs on a runway without stopping or exiting the runway.
• TOUCH_AND_GO LANDING (See TOUCH-AND-GO.)
• TOUCHDOWN a. The point at which an aircraft first makes contact with the landing surface. b. Concerning a precision radar approach (PAR), it is the point where the glide path intercepts the landing surface. (See ICAO term TOUCHDOWN.)
• TOUCHDOWN [ICAO] The point where the nominal glide path intercepts the runway. Note: Touchdown as defined above is only a datum and is not necessarily the actual point at which the aircraft will touch the runway.
• TOUCHDOWN RVR (See VISIBILITY.)
• TOUCHDOWN ZONE The first 3,000 feet of the runway beginning at the threshold. The area is used for determination of Touchdown Zone Elevation in the development of straight-in landing minimums for instrument approaches. (See ICAO term TOUCHDOWN ZONE.)
• TOUCHDOWN ZONE [ICAO] The portion of a runway, beyond the threshold, where it is intended landing aircraft first contact the runway.
• TOUCHDOWN ZONE ELEVATION The highest elevation in the first 3,000 feet of the landing surface. TDZE is indicated on the instrument approach procedure chart when straight-in landing minimums are authorized. (See TOUCHDOWN ZONE.)
• TOUCHDOWN ZONE LIGHTING (See AIRPORT LIGHTING.)
• TOWER A terminal facility that uses air/ground communications, visual signaling, and other devices to provide ATC services to aircraft operating in the vicinity of an airport or on the movement area. Authorizes aircraft to land or takeoff at the airport controlled by the tower or to transit the Class D airspace area regardless of flight plan or weather conditions (IFR or VFR). A tower may also provide approach control services (radar or nonradar). (See AIRPORT TRAFFIC CONTROL SERVICE.) (See APPROACH CONTROL FACILITY.) (See APPROACH CONTROL SERVICE.) (See MOVEMENT AREA.) (See TOWER EN ROUTE CONTROL SERVICE.) (Refer to AIM.) (See ICAO term AERODROME CONTROL TOWER.)
• TOWER EN ROUTE CONTROL SERVICE The control of IFR en route traffic within delegated airspace between two or more adjacent approach control facilities. This service is designed to expedite traffic and reduce control and pilot communication requirements.
• TOWER TO TOWER (See TOWER EN ROUTE CONTROL SERVICE.)
• TPX_42 A numeric beacon decoder equipment/system. It is designed to be added to terminal radar systems for beacon decoding. It provides rapid target identification, reinforcement of the primary radar target, and altitude information from Mode C. (See AUTOMATED RADAR TERMINAL SYSTEMS.) (See TRANSPONDER.)
• TRACEABLE PRESSURE STANDARD The facility station pressure instrument, with certification/calibration traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Traceable pressure standards may be mercurial barometers, commissioned ASOS or dual transducer AWOS, or portable pressure standards or DASI.
• TRACK The actual flight path of an aircraft over the surface of the earth. (See COURSE.) (See ROUTE.) (See FLIGHT PATH.) (See ICAO term TRACK.)
• TRACK [ICAO] The projection on the earth's surface of the path of an aircraft, the direction of which path at any point is usually expressed in degrees from North (True, Magnetic, or Grid).
• TRAFFIC a. A term used by a controller to transfer radar identification of an aircraft to another controller for the purpose of coordinating separation action. Traffic is normally issued: 1. In response to a handoff or point out; 2. In anticipation of a handoff or point out; or 3. In conjunction with a request for control of an aircraft. b. A term used by ATC to refer to one or more aircraft.
• TRAFFIC ADVISORIES Advisories issued to alert pilots to other known or observed air traffic which may be in such proximity to the position or intended route of flight of their aircraft to warrant their attention. Such advisories may be based on: a. Visual observation. b. Observation of radar identified and nonidentified aircraft targets on an ATC radar display, or c. Verbal reports from pilots or other facilities. Note 1: The word "traffic" followed by additional information, if known, is used to provide such advisories; e.g., "Traffic, 2 o'clock, one zero miles, southbound, eight thousand." Note 2: Traffic advisory service will be provided to the extent possible depending on higher priority duties of the controller or other limitations; e.g., radar limitations, volume of traffic, frequency congestion, or controller workload. Radar/nonradar traffic advisories do not relieve the pilot of his responsibility to see and avoid other aircraft. Pilots are cautioned that there are many times when the controller is not able to give traffic advisories concerning all traffic in the aircraft's proximity; in other words, when a pilot requests or is receiving traffic advisories, he should not assume that all traffic will be issued. (Refer to AIM.)
• TRAFFIC ALERT (aircraft call sign), TURN (left/right) IMMEDIATELY, (climb/descend) AND MAINTAIN (altitude). (See SAFETY ALERT.)
• TRAFFIC ALERT AND COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM An airborne collision avoidance system based on radar beacon signals which operates independent of ground-based equipment. TCAS-I generates traffic advisories only. TCAS-II generates traffic advisories, and resolution (collision avoidance) advisories in the vertical plane.
• TRAFFIC INFORMATION (See TRAFFIC ADVISORIES.)
• TRAFFIC IN SIGHT Used by pilots to inform a controller that previously issued traffic is in sight. (See NEGATIVE CONTACT.) (See TRAFFIC ADVISORIES.)
• TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PROGRAM ALERT A term used in a Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) issued in conjunction with a special traffic management program to alert pilots to the existence of the program and to refer them to either the Notices to Airmen publication or a special traffic management program advisory message for program details. The contraction TMPA is used in NOTAM text.
• TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT UNIT The entity in ARTCC's and designated terminals responsible for direct involvement in the active management of facility traffic. Usually under the direct supervision of an assistant manager for traffic management.
• TRAFFIC NO FACTOR Indicates that the traffic described in a previously issued traffic advisory is no factor.
• TRAFFIC NO LONGER OBSERVED Indicates that the traffic described in a previously issued traffic advisory is no longer depicted on radar, but may still be a factor.
• TRAFFIC PATTERN The traffic flow that is prescribed for aircraft landing at, taxiing on, or taking off from an airport. The components of a typical traffic pattern are upwind leg, crosswind leg, downwind leg, base leg, and final approach. a. Upwind Leg- A flight path parallel to the landing runway in the direction of landing. b. Crosswind Leg- A flight path at right angles to the landing runway off its upwind end. c. Downwind Leg- A flight path parallel to the landing runway in the direction opposite to landing. The downwind leg normally extends between the crosswind leg and the base leg. d. Base Leg- A flight path at right angles to the landing runway off its approach end. The base leg normally extends from the downwind leg to the intersection of the extended runway centerline. e. Final Approach. A flight path in the direction of landing along the extended runway centerline. The final approach normally extends from the base leg to the runway. An aircraft making a straight-in approach VFR is also considered to be on final approach. (See STRAIGHT-IN APPROACH VFR.) (See TAXI PATTERNS.) (Refer to AIM.) (Refer to FAR Part 91.) (See ICAO term AERODROME TRAFFIC CIRCUIT.)
• TRAFFIC SITUATION DISPLAY (TSD) TSD is a computer system that receives radar track data from all 20 CONUS ARTCC's, organizes this data into a mosaic display, and presents it on a computer screen. The display allows the traffic management coordinator multiple methods of selection and highlighting of individual aircraft or groups of aircraft. The user has the option of superimposing these aircraft positions over any number of background displays. These background options include ARTCC boundaries, any stratum of en route sector boundaries, fixes, airways, military and other special use airspace, airports, and geopolitical boundaries. By using the TSD, a coordinator can monitor any number of traffic situations or the entire systemwide traffic flows.
• TRAJECTORY A URET CCLD representation of the path an aircraft is predicted to fly based upon a Current Plan or Trial Plan. (See USER REQUEST EVALUATION TOOL CORE CAPABILITY LIMITED DEPLOYMENT.)
• TRAJECTORY MODELING The automated process of calculating a trajectory.
• TRANSCRIBED WEATHER BROADCAST A continuous recording of meteorological and aeronautical information that is broadcast on L/MF and VOR facilities for pilots. (Refer to AIM.)
• TRANSFER OF CONTROL That action whereby the responsibility for the separation of an aircraft is transferred from one controller to another. (See ICAO term TRANSFER OF CONTROL.)
• TRANSFER OF CONTROL [ICAO] Transfer of responsibility for providing air traffic control service.
• TRANSFERRING CONTROLLER A controller/facility transferring control of an aircraft to another controller/facility. (See ICAO term TRANSFERRING UNIT/CONTROLLER.)
• TRANSFERRING FACILITY (See TRANSFERRING CONTROLLER.)
• TRANSFERRING UNIT/CONTROLLER [ICAO] Air traffic control unit/air traffic controller in the process of transferring the responsibility for providing air traffic control service to an aircraft to the next air traffic control unit/air traffic controller along the route of flight. Note: See definition of accepting unit/controller.
• TRANSITION a. The general term that describes the change from one phase of flight or flight condition to another; e.g., transition from en route flight to the approach or transition from instrument flight to visual flight. b. A published procedure (DP Transition) used to connect the basic DP to one of several en route airways/jet routes, or a published procedure (STAR Transition) used to connect one of several en route airways/jet routes to the basic STAR. (Refer to DP/STAR Charts.)
• TRANSITIONAL AIRSPACE That portion of controlled airspace wherein aircraft change from one phase of flight or flight condition to another.
• TRANSITION POINT A point at an adapted number of miles from the vertex at which an arrival aircraft would normally commence descent from its en route altitude. This is the first fix adapted on the arrival speed segments.
• TRANSMISSOMETER An apparatus used to determine visibility by measuring the transmission of light through the atmosphere. It is the measurement source for determining runway visual range (RVR) and runway visibility value (RVV). (See VISIBILITY.)
• TRANSMITTING IN THE BLIND A transmission from one station to other stations in circumstances where two-way communication cannot be established, but where it is believed that the called stations may be able to receive the transmission.
• TRANSPONDER The airborne radar beacon receiver/transmitter portion of the Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS) which automatically receives radio signals from interrogators on the ground, and selectively replies with a specific reply pulse or pulse group only to those interrogations being received on the mode to which it is set to respond. (See INTERROGATOR.) (Refer to AIM.) (See ICAO term TRANSPONDER.)
• TRANSPONDER [ICAO] A receiver/transmitter which will generate a reply signal upon proper interrogation; the interrogation and reply being on different frequencies.
• TRANSPONDER CODES (See CODES.)
• TRIAL PLAN A proposed amendment which utilizes automation to analyze and display potential conflicts along the predicted trajectory of the selected aircraft.
• TRSA (See TERMINAL RADAR SERVICE AREA.)
• TSD (See TRAFFIC SITUATION DISPLAY.)
• TURBOJET AIRCRAFT An aircraft having a jet engine in which the energy of the jet operates a turbine which in turn operates the air compressor.
• TURBOPROP AIRCRAFT An aircraft having a jet engine in which the energy of the jet operates a turbine which drives the propeller.
• TURN ANTICIPATION (maneuver anticipation).
• TVOR (See TERMINAL-VERY HIGH FREQUENCY OMNIDIRECTIONAL RANGE STATION.)
• TWEB (See TRANSCRIBED WEATHER BROADCAST.)
• TWO-WAY RADIO COMMUNICATIONS FAILURE (See LOST COMMUNICATIONS.)
• UDF (See DIRECTION FINDER.)
• UHF (See ULTRAHIGH FREQUENCY.)
• ULTRAHIGH FREQUENCY The frequency band between 300 and 3,000 mHz. The bank of radio frequencies used for military air/ground voice communications. In some instances this may go as low as 225 mHz and still be referred to as UHF.
• ULTRALIGHT VEHICLE An aeronautical vehicle operated for sport or recreational purposes which does not require FAA registration, an airworthiness certificate, nor pilot certification. They are primarily single occupant vehicles, although some two-place vehicles are authorized for training purposes. Operation of an ultralight vehicle in certain airspace requires authorization from ATC. (See FAR Part 103.)
• UNABLE Indicates inability to comply with a specific instruction, request, or clearance.
• UNDER THE HOOD Indicates that the pilot is using a hood to restrict visibility outside the cockpit while simulating instrument flight. An appropriately rated pilot is required in the other control seat while this operation is being conducted. (Refer to FAR Part 91.)
• UNICOM A nongovernment communication facility which may provide airport information at certain airports. Locations and frequencies of UNICOM's are shown on aeronautical charts and publications. (See AIRPORT/FACILITY DIRECTORY.) (Refer to AIM.)
• UNPUBLISHED ROUTE A route for which no minimum altitude is published or charted for pilot use. It may include a direct route between NAVAID's, a radial, a radar vector, or a final approach course beyond the segments of an instrument approach procedure. (See PUBLISHED ROUTE.) (See ROUTE.)
• UPWIND LEG (See TRAFFIC PATTERN.)
• URET (See USER REQUEST EVALUATION TOOL CORE CAPABILITY LIMITED DEPLOYMENT.)
• URET CCLD (See USER REQUEST EVALUATION TOOL CORE CAPABILITY LIMITED DEPLOYMENT.)
• URGENCY A condition of being concerned about safety and of requiring timely but not immediate assistance; a potential distress condition. (See ICAO term URGENCY.)
• URGENCY [ICAO] A condition concerning the safety of an aircraft or other vehicle, or of person on board or in sight, but which does not require immediate assistance.
• USAFIB (See ARMY AVIATION FLIGHT INFORMATION BULLETIN.)
• USER REQUEST EVALUATION TOOL CORE CAPABILITY LIMITED DEPLOYMENT (URET CCLD) User Request Evaluation Tool Core Capability Limited Deployment is an automated tool provided at each Radar Associate position in selected En Route facilities. This tool utilizes flight and radar data to determine present and future trajectories for all active and proposal aircraft and provides enhanced, automated flight data management.
• UVDF (See DIRECTION FINDER.)
• VASI (See VISUAL APPROACH SLOPE INDICATOR.)
• VDF (See DIRECTION FINDER.)
• VDP (See VISUAL DESCENT POINT.)
• VECTOR A heading issued to an aircraft to provide navigational guidance by radar. (See ICAO term RADAR VECTORING.)
• VERIFY Request confirmation of information; e.g., "verify assigned altitude."
• VERIFY SPECIFIC DIRECTION OF TAKEOFF (OR TURNS AFTER TAKEOFF) Used by ATC to ascertain an aircraft's direction of takeoff and/or direction of turn after takeoff. It is normally used for IFR departures from an airport not having a control tower. When direct communication with the pilot is not possible, the request and information may be relayed through an FSS, dispatcher, or by other means. (See IFR TAKEOFF MINIMUMS AND DEPARTURE PROCEDURES.)
• VERTEX The last fix adapted on the arrival speed segments. Normally, it will be the outer marker of the runway in use. However, it may be the actual threshold or other suitable common point on the approach path for the particular runway configuration.
• VERTEX TIME OF ARRIVAL A calculated time of aircraft arrival over the adapted vertex for the runway configuration in use. The time is calculated via the optimum flight path using adapted speed segments. VERTICAL NAVIGATION (VNAV)- A function of area navigation (RNAV) equipment which calculates, displays, and provides vertical guidance to a profile or path.
• VERTICAL SEPARATION Separation established by assignment of different altitudes or flight levels. (See SEPARATION.) (See ICAO term VERTICAL SEPARATION.)
• VERTICAL SEPARATION [ICAO] Separation between aircraft expressed in units of vertical distance.
• VERTICAL TAKEOFF AND LANDING AIRCRAFT Aircraft capable of vertical climbs and/or descents and of using very short runways or small areas for takeoff and landings. These aircraft include, but are not limited to, helicopters. (See SHORT TAKEOFF AND LANDING AIRCRAFT.)
• VERY HIGH FREQUENCY The frequency band between 30 and 300 MHz. Portions of this band, 108 to 118 MHz, are used for certain NAVAID's; 118 to 136 MHz are used for civil air/ground voice communications. Other frequencies in this band are used for purposes not related to air traffic control.
• VERY HIGH FREQUENCY OMNIDIRECTIONAL RANGE STATION (See VOR.)
• VERY LOW FREQUENCY The frequency band between 3 and 30 kHz.
• VFR (See VISUAL FLIGHT RULES.)
• VFR AIRCRAFT An aircraft conducting flight in accordance with visual flight rules. (See VISUAL FLIGHT RULES.)
• VFR CONDITIONS Weather conditions equal to or better than the minimum for flight under visual flight rules. The term may be used as an ATC clearance/instruction only when: a. An IFR aircraft requests a climb/descent in VFR conditions. b. The clearance will result in noise abatement benefits where part of the IFR departure route does not conform to an FAA approved noise abatement route or altitude. c. A pilot has requested a practice instrument approach and is not on an IFR flight plan. Note: All pilots receiving this authorization must comply with the VFR visibility and distance from cloud criteria in FAR Part 91. Use of the term does not relieve controllers of their responsibility to separate aircraft in Class B and Class C airspace or TRSA's as required by FAAO 7110.65. When used as an ATC clearance/instruction, the term may be abbreviated "VFR;" e.g., "MAINTAIN VFR," "CLIMB/DESCEND VFR," etc.
• VFR FLIGHT (See VFR AIRCRAFT.)
• VFR MILITARY TRAINING ROUTES Routes used by the Department of Defense and associated Reserve and Air Guard units for the purpose of conducting low
• VFR NOT RECOMMENDED An advisory provided by a flight service station to a pilot during a preflight or inflight weather briefing that flight under visual flight rules is not recommended. To be given when the current and/or forecast weather conditions are at or below VFR minimums. It does not abrogate the pilot's authority to make his own decision.
• VFR_ON_TOP ATC authorization for an IFR aircraft to operate in VFR conditions at any appropriate VFR altitude (as specified in FAR and as restricted by ATC). A pilot receiving this authorization must comply with the VFR visibility, distance from cloud criteria, and the minimum IFR altitudes specified in FAR Part 91. The use of this term does not relieve controllers of their responsibility to separate aircraft in Class B and Class C airspace or TRSA's as required by FAAO 7110.65.
• VFR TERMINAL AREA CHARTS (See AERONAUTICAL CHART.)
• VFR WAYPOINT (See WAYPOINT.)
• VHF (See VERY HIGH FREQUENCY.)
• VHF OMNIDIRECTIONAL RANGE/TACTICAL AIR NAVIGATION (See VORTAC.)
• VIDEO MAP An electronically displayed map on the radar display that may depict data such as airports, heliports, runway centerline extensions, hospital emergency landing areas, NAVAID's and fixes, reporting points, airway/route centerlines, boundaries, handoff points, special use tracks, obstructions, prominent geographic features, map alignment indicators, range accuracy marks, minimum vectoring altitudes.
• VISIBILITY The ability, as determined by atmospheric conditions and expressed in units of distance, to see and identify prominent unlighted objects by day and prominent lighted objects by night. Visibility is reported as statute miles, hundreds of feet or meters. (Refer to FAR Part 91.) (See AIM.) a. Flight Visibility- The average forward horizontal distance, from the cockpit of an aircraft in flight, at which prominent unlighted objects may be seen and identified by day and prominent lighted objects may be seen and identified by night. b. Ground Visibility- Prevailing horizontal visibility near the earth's surface as reported by the United States National Weather Service or an accredited observer. c. Prevailing Visibility- The greatest horizontal visibility equaled or exceeded throughout at least half the horizon circle which need not necessarily be continuous. d. Runway Visibility Value (RVV)- The visibility determined for a particular runway by a transmissometer. A meter provides a continuous indication of the visibility (reported in miles or fractions of miles) for the runway. RVV is used in lieu of prevailing visibility in determining minimums for a particular runway. e. Runway Visual Range (RVR)- An instrumentally derived value, based on standard calibrations, that represents the horizontal distance a pilot will see down the runway from the approach end. It is based on the sighting of either high intensity runway lights or on the visual contrast of other targets whichever yields the greater visual range. RVR, in contrast to prevailing or runway visibility, is based on what a pilot in a moving aircraft should see looking down the runway. RVR is horizontal visual range, not slant visual range. It is based on the measurement of a transmissometer made near the touchdown point of the instrument runway and is reported in hundreds of feet. RVR is used in lieu of RVV and/or prevailing visibility in determining minimums for a particular runway. 1. Touchdown RVR- The RVR visibility readout values obtained from RVR equipment serving the runway touchdown zone. 2. Mid-RVR- The RVR readout values obtained from RVR equipment located midfield of the runway. 3. Rollout RVR- The RVR readout values obtained from RVR equipment located nearest the rollout end of the runway. (See ICAO term VISIBILITY.) (See ICAO term FLIGHT VISIBILITY.) (See ICAO term GROUND VISIBILITY.) (See ICAO term RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE.)
• VISIBILITY [ICAO] The ability, as determined by atmospheric conditions and expressed in units of distance, to see and identify prominent unlighted objects by day and prominent lighted objects by night. a. Flight Visibility-The visibility forward from the cockpit of an aircraft in flight. b. Ground Visibility-The visibility at an aerodrome as reported by an accredited observer. c. Runway Visual Range [RVR]-The range over which the pilot of an aircraft on the centerline of a runway can see the runway surface markings or the lights delineating the runway or identifying its centerline.
• VISUAL APPROACH An approach conducted on an instrument flight rules (IFR) flight plan which authorizes the pilot to proceed visually and clear of clouds to the airport. The pilot must, at all times, have either the airport or the preceding aircraft in sight. This approach must be authorized and under the control of the appropriate air traffic control facility. Reported weather at the airport must be ceiling at or above 1,000 feet and visibility of 3 miles or greater. (See ICAO term VISUAL APPROACH.)
• VISUAL APPROACH [ICAO] An approach by an IFR flight when either part or all of an instrument approach procedure is not completed and the approach is executed in visual reference to terrain.
• VISUAL APPROACH SLOPE INDICATOR (See AIRPORT LIGHTING.)
• VISUAL DESCENT POINT A defined point on the final approach course of a nonprecision straight-in approach procedure from which normal descent from the MDA to the runway touchdown point may be commenced, provided the approach threshold of that runway, or approach lights, or other markings identifiable with the approach end of that runway are clearly visible to the pilot.
• VISUAL FLIGHT RULES Rules that govern the procedures for conducting flight under visual conditions. The term "VFR" is also used in the United States to indicate weather conditions that are equal to or greater than minimum VFR requirements. In addition, it is used by pilots and controllers to indicate type of flight plan. (See INSTRUMENT FLIGHT RULES.) (See INSTRUMENT METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS.) (See VISUAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS.) (Refer to FAR Part 91.) (Refer to AIM.)
• VISUAL HOLDING The holding of aircraft at selected, prominent geographical fixes which can be easily recognized from the air. (See HOLDING FIX.)
• VISUAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS Meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling equal to or better than specified minima. (See INSTRUMENT FLIGHT RULES.) (See INSTRUMENT METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS.) (See VISUAL FLIGHT RULES.)
• VISUAL SEPARATION A means employed by ATC to separate aircraft in terminal areas and en route airspace in the NAS. There are two ways to effect this separation: a. The tower controller sees the aircraft involved and issues instructions, as necessary, to ensure that the aircraft avoid each other. b. A pilot sees the other aircraft involved and upon instructions from the controller provides his own separation by maneuvering his aircraft as necessary to avoid it. This may involve following another aircraft or keeping it in sight until it is no longer a factor. (See and Avoid.) (Refer to FAR Part 91.)
• VLF (See VERY LOW FREQUENCY.)
• VMC (See VISUAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS.)
• VOICE SWITCHING AND CONTROL SYSTEM The VSCS is a computer controlled switching system that provides air traffic controllers with all voice circuits (air to ground and ground to ground) necessary for air traffic control. (See VOICE SWITCHING AND CONTROL SYSTEM.) (Refer to AIM.)
• VOR A ground-based electronic navigation aid transmitting very high frequency navigation signals, 360 degrees in azimuth, oriented from magnetic north. Used as the basis for navigation in the National Airspace System. The VOR periodically identifies itself by Morse Code and may have an additional voice identification feature. Voice features may be used by ATC or FSS for transmitting instructions/information to pilots. (See NAVIGATIONAL AID.) (Refer to AIM.)
• VORTAC A navigation aid providing VOR azimuth, TACAN azimuth, and TACAN distance measuring equipment (DME) at one site. (See DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT.) (See NAVIGATIONAL AID.) (See TACAN.) (See VOR.) (Refer to AIM.)
• VORTICES Circular patterns of air created by the movement of an airfoil through the air when generating lift. As an airfoil moves through the atmosphere in sustained flight, an area of area of low pressure is created above it. The air flowing from the high pressure area to the low pressure area around and about the tips of the airfoil tends to roll up into two rapidly rotating vortices, cylindrical in shape. These vortices are the most predominant parts of aircraft wake turbulence and their rotational force is dependent upon the wing loading, gross weight, and speed of the generating aircraft. The vortices from medium to heavy aircraft can be of extremely high velocity and hazardous to smaller aircraft. (See AIRCRAFT CLASSES.) (See WAKE TURBULENCE.) (Refer to AIM.)
• VOR TEST SIGNAL (See VOT.)
• VOT A ground facility which emits a test signal to check VOR receiver accuracy. Some VOT's are available to the user while airborne, and others are limited to ground use only. (Refer to FAR Part 91.) (See AIM.) (See AIRPORT/FACILITY DIRECTORY.)
• VR (See VFR MILITARY TRAINING ROUTES.)
• VSCS (See VOICE SWITCHING AND CONTROL SYSTEM.)
• VTA (See VERTEX TIME OF ARRIVAL.)
• VTOL AIRCRAFT (See VERTICAL TAKEOFF AND LANDING AIRCRAFT.)
• WA (See AIRMET.) (See WEATHER ADVISORY.)
• WAAS (See WIDE-AREA AUGMENTATION SYSTEM.)
• WAKE TURBULENCE Phenomena resulting from the passage of an aircraft through the atmosphere. The term includes vortices, thrust stream turbulence, jet blast, jet wash, propeller wash, and rotor wash both on the ground and in the air. (See AIRCRAFT CLASSES.) (See JET BLAST.) (See VORTICES.) (Refer to AIM.)
• WARNING AREA (See SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE.)
• WAYPOINT A predetermined geographical position used for route/instrument approach definition, progress reports, published VFR routes, visual reporting points or points for transitioning and/or circumnavigating controlled and/or special use airspace, that is defined relative to a VORTAC station or in terms of latitude/longitude coordinates.
• WEATHER ADVISORY In aviation weather forecast practice, an expression of hazardous weather conditions not predicted in the area forecast, as they affect the operation of air traffic and as prepared by the NWS. (See SIGMET.) (See AIRMET.)
• WHEN ABLE When used in conjunction with ATC instructions, gives the pilot the latitude to delay compliance until a condition or event has been reconciled. Unlike "pilot discretion," when instructions are prefaced "when able," the pilot is expected to seek the first opportunity to comply. Once a maneuver has been initiated, the pilot is expected to continue until the specifications of the instructions have been met. "When able," should not be used when expeditious compliance is required.
• WIDE-AREA AUGMENTATION SYSTEM (WAAS) The WAAS is a satellite navigation system consisting of the equipment and software which augments the GPS Standard Positioning Service (SPS). The WAAS provides enhanced integrity, accuracy, availability, and continuity over and above GPS SPS. The differential correction function provides improved accuracy required for precision approach.
• WILCO I have received your message, understand it, and will comply with it.
• WIND SHEAR A change in wind speed and/or wind direction in a short distance resulting in a tearing or shearing effect. It can exist in a horizontal or vertical direction and occasionally in both.
• WIND GRID DISPLAY A display that presents the latest forecasted wind data overlaid on a map of the ARTCC area. Wind data is automatically entered and updated periodically by transmissions from the National Weather Service. Winds at specific altitudes, along with temperatures and air pressure can be viewed.
• WING TIP VORTICES (See VORTICES.)
• WORDS TWICE a. As a request: "Communication is difficult. Please say every phrase twice." b. As information: "Since communications are difficult, every phrase in this message will be spoken twice."
• WORLD AERONAUTICAL CHARTS (See AERONAUTICAL CHART.)
• WS (See SIGMET.) (See WEATHER ADVISORY.)
• WST (See CONVECTIVE SIGMET.) (See WEATHER ADVISORY.)
• Aerodynamic coefficients means non-dimensional coefficients for aerodynamic forces and moments.
• Air commerce means interstate, overseas, or foreign air commerce or the transportation of mail by aircraft or any operation or navigation of aircraft within the limits of any Federal airway or any operation or navigation of aircraft which directly affects, or which may endanger safety in, interstate, overseas, or foreign air commerce.
• Aircraft engine means an engine that is used or intended to be used for propelling aircraft. It includes turbosuperchargers, appurtenances, and accessories necessary for its functioning, but does not include propellers.
• Airframe means the fuselage, booms, nacelles, cowlings, fairings, airfoil surfaces (including rotors but excluding propellers and rotating airfoils of engines), and landing gear of an aircraft and their accessories and controls.
• Airplane means an engine-driven fixed-wing aircraft heavier than air, that is supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of the air against its wings.
• Airship means an engine-driven lighter-than-air aircraft that can be steered.
• Air traffic control means a service operated by appropriate authority to promote the safe, orderly, and expeditious flow of air traffic.
• Air transportation means interstate, overseas, or foreign air transportation or the transportation of mail by aircraft.
• Alert Area An alert area is established to inform pilots of a specific area wherein a high volume of pilot training or an unusual type of aeronautical activity is conducted. (See SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE.)
• Altitude engine means a reciprocating aircraft engine having a rated takeoff power that is producible from sea level to an established higher altitude.
• Appliance means any instrument, mechanism, equipment, part, apparatus, appurtenance, or accessory, including communications equipment, that is used or intended to be used in operating or controlling an aircraft in flight, is installed in or attached to the aircraft, and is not part of an airframe, engine, or propeller.
• ApprovedUnless used with reference to another person, means approved by the Administrator.
• Area navigation low route means an area navigation route within the airspace extending upward from 1,200 feet above the surface of the earth to, but not including, 18,000 feet MSL.
• Area navigation high route means an area navigation route within the airspace extending upward from, and including, 18,000 feet MSL to flight level 450.
• Armed Forces means the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard, including their regular and reserve components and members serving without component status.
• Auxiliary rotor means a rotor that serves either to counteract the effect of the main rotor torque on a rotorcraft or to maneuver the rotorcraft about one or more of its three principal axes.
• Balloon means a lighter-than-air aircraft that is not engine driven, and that sustains flight through the use of either gas buoyancy or an airborne heater.
• Brake horsepower means the power delivered at the propeller shaft (main drive or main output) of an aircraft engine.
• Calibrated airspeed means the indicated airspeed of an aircraft, corrected for position and instrument error. Calibrated airspeed is equal to true airspeed in standard atmosphere at sea level.
• Canard means the forward wing of a canard configuration and may be a fixed, movable, or variable geometry surface, with or without control surfaces.
• Canard configuration means a configuration in which the span of the forward wing is substantially less than that of the main wing.
• Category<ol> <li> As used with respect to the certification, ratings, privileges, and limitations of airmen, means a broad classification of aircraft. Examples include: airplane; rotorcraft; glider; and lighter-than-air; and <li> As used with respect to the certification of aircraft, means a grouping of aircraft based upon intended use or operating limitations. Examples include: transport, normal, utility, acrobatic, limited, restricted, and provisional.</ol>
• Category A with respect to transport category rotorcraft, means multiengine rotorcraft designed with engine and system isolation features specified in Part 29 and utilizing scheduled takeoff and landing operations under a critical engine failure concept which assures adequate designated surface area and adequate performance capability for continued safe flight in the event of engine failure.
• Category B with respect to transport category rotorcraft, means single- engine or multiengine rotorcraft which do not fully meet all Category A standards. Category B rotorcraft have no guaranteed stay-up ability in the event of engine failure and unscheduled landing is assumed.
• Category II operationsWith respect to the operation of aircraft, means a straight-in ILS approach to the runway of an airport under a Category II ILS instrument approach procedure issued by the Administrator or other appropriate authority.
• Category III operationsWith respect to the operation of aircraft, means an ILS approach to, and landing on, the runway of an airport using a Category III ILS instrument approach procedure issued by the Administrator or other appropriate authority.
• Category IIIa operationsAn ILS approach and landing with no decision height (DH), or a DH below 100 feet (30 meters), and controlling runway visual range not less than 700 feet (200 meters).
• Category IIIb operationsAn ILS approach and landing with no DH, or with a DH below 50 feet (15 meters), and controlling runway visual range less than 700 feet (200 meters), but not less than 150 feet (50 meters).
• Category IIIc operationsAn ILS approach and landing with no DH and no runway visual range limitation.
• Civil aircraft means aircraft other than public aircraft.
• Class<ol><li> As used with respect to the certification, ratings, privileges, and limitations of airmen, means a classification of aircraft within a category having similar operating characteristics. Examples include:<ul> <li>single engine; <li>multiengine; <li>land; <li>water; <li>gyroplane; <li>helicopter; <li>airship; <li>free balloon;</ul> <p><li> As used with respect to the certification of aircraft, means a broad grouping of aircraft having similar characteristics of propulsion, flight, or landing. Examples include: <ul><li>airplane; <li>rotorcraft; <li>glider; <li>balloon; <li>landplane; <li>seaplane.</ul></ol>
• Clearway means:<ol><li> For turbine engine powered airplanes certificated after August 29, 1959, an area beyond the runway, not less than 500 feet wide, centrally located about the extended centerline of the runway, and under the control of the airport authorities. The clearway is expressed in terms of a clearway plane, extending from the end of the runway with an upward slope not exceeding 1.25 percent, above which no object nor any terrain protrudes. However, threshold lights may protrude above the plane if their height above the end of the runway is 26 inches or less and if they are located to each side of the runway.<li> For turbine engine powered airplanes certificated after September 30, 1958, but before August 30, 1959, an area beyond the takeoff runway extending no less than 300 feet on either side of the extended centerline of the runway, at an elevation no higher than the elevation of the end of the runway, clear of all fixed obstacles, and under the control of the airport authorities.</ol>
• Climbout speed, with respect to rotorcraft, means a referenced airspeed which results in a flight path clear of the height-velocity envelope during initial climbout.
• Commercial operator means a person who, for compensation or hire, engages in the carriage by aircraft in air commerce of persons or property, other than as an air carrier or foreign air carrier or under the authority of Part 375 of this title. Where it is doubtful that an operation is for "compensation or hire", the test applied is whether the carriage by air is merely incidental to the person's other business or is, in itself, a major enterprise for profit.
• Controlled airspace means an airspace of defined dimensions within which air traffic control service is provided to IFR flights and to VFR flights in accordance with the airspace classification. Note--Controlled airspace is a generic term that convers Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D, and Class E airspace.
• Controlled Firing Area. A controlled firing area is established to contain activities, which if not conducted in a controlled environment, would be hazardous to nonparticipating aircraft.
• Crewmember means a person assigned to perform duty in an aircraft during flight time.
• Critical altitude means the maximum altitude at which, in standard atmosphere, it is possible to maintain, at a specified rotational speed, a specified power or a specified manifold pressure. Unless otherwise stated, the critical altitude is the maximum altitude at which it is possible to maintain, at the maximum continuous rotational speed, one of the following:<ol> <li> The maximum continuous power, in the case of engines for which this power rating is the same at sea level and at the rated altitude. <p><li> The maximum continuous rated manifold pressure, in the case of engines, the maximum continuous power of which is governed by a constant manifold pressure.</ol>
• Critical engine means the engine whose failure would most adversely affect the performance or handling qualities of an aircraft.
• Equivalent airspeed means the calibrated airspeed of an aircraft corrected for adiabatic compressible flow for the particular altitude. Equivalent airspeed is equal to calibrated airspeed in standard atmosphere at sea level.
• Extended over-water operation means-- <ol><li> With respect to aircraft other than helicopters, an operation over water at a horizontal distance of more than 50 nautical miles from the nearest shoreline; and <li> With respect to helicopters, an operation over water at a horizontal distance of more than 50 nautical miles from the nearest shoreline and more than 50 nautical miles from an off-shore heliport structure.</ol>
• External load means a load that is carried, or extends, outside of the aircraft fuselage.
• External-load attaching means means the structural components used to attach an external load to an aircraft, including external-load containers, the backup structure at the attachment points, and any quick-release device used to jettison the external load.
• Fireproof<ol> <li> With respect to materials and parts used to confine fire in a designated fire zone, means the capacity to withstand at least as well as steel in dimensions appropriate for the purpose for which they are used, the heat produced when there is a severe fire of extended duration in that zone; and <li> With respect to other materials and parts, means the capacity to withstand the heat associated with fire at least as well as steel in dimensions appropriate for the purpose for which they are used.</ol>
• Fire resistant <ol><li> With respect to sheet or structural members means the capacity to withstand the heat associated with fire at least as well as aluminum alloy in dimensions appropriate for the purpose for which they are used; and <li> With respect to fluid-carrying lines, fluid system parts, wiring, air ducts, fittings, and powerplant controls, means the capacity to perform the intended functions under the heat and other conditions likely to occur when there is a fire at the place concerned.</ol>
• Flame resistant means not susceptible to combustion to the point of propagating a flame, beyond safe limits, after the ignition source is removed.
• FlammableWith respect to a fluid or gas, means susceptible to igniting readily or to exploding.
• Flap extended speed means the highest speed permissible with wing flaps in a prescribed extended position.
• Flash resistant means not susceptible to burning violently when ignited.
• Flight crewmember means a pilot, flight engineer, or flight navigator assigned to duty in an aircraft during flight time.
• Flight time means: <ol><li> Pilot time that commences when an aircraft moves under its own power for the purpose of flight and ends when the aircraft comes to rest after landing; or <li> For a glider without self-launch capability, pilot time that commences when the glider is towed for the purpose of flight and ends when the glider comes to rest after landing.</ol>
• Flight visibility means the average forward horizontal distance, from the cockpit of an aircraft in flight, at which prominent unlighted objects may be seen and identified by day and prominent lighted objects may be seen and identified by night.
• Foreign air carrier means any person other than a citizen of the United States, who undertakes directly, by lease or other arrangement, to engage in air transportation.
• Foreign air commerce means the carriage by aircraft of persons or property for compensation or hire, or the carriage of mail by aircraft, or the operation or navigation of aircraft in the conduct or furtherance of a business or vocation, in commerce between a place in the United States and any place outside thereof; whether such commerce moves wholly by aircraft or partly by aircraft and partly by other forms of transportation.
• Foreign air transportation means the carriage by aircraft of persons or property as a common carrier for compensation or hire, or the carriage of mail by aircraft, in commerce between a place in the United States and any place outside of the United States, whether that commerce moves wholly by aircraft or partly by aircraft and partly by other forms of transportation.
• Forward wing means a forward lifting surface of a canard configuration or tandem-wing configuration airplane. The surface may be a fixed, movable, or variable geometry surface, with or without control surfaces.
• Glider means a heavier-than-air aircraft, that is supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of the air against its lifting surfaces and whose free flight does not depend principally on an engine.
• Go-around power or thrust setting means the maximum allowable in-flight power or thrust setting identified in the performance data.
• Ground visibility means prevailing horizontal visibility near the earth's surface as reported by the United States National Weather Service or an accredited observer.
• Gyrodyne means a rotorcraft whose rotors are normally engine-driven for takeoff, hovering, and landing, and for forward flight through part of its speed range, and whose means of propulsion, consisting usually of conventional propellers, is independent of the rotor system.
• Gyroplane means a rotorcraft whose rotors are not engine-driven, except for initial starting, but are made to rotate by action of the air when the rotorcraft is moving; and whose means of propulsion, consisting usually of conventional propellers, is independent of the rotor system.
• Idle thrust means the jet thrust obtained with the engine power control level set at the stop for the least thrust position at which it can be placed.
• IFR over-the-top, with respect to the operation of aircraft, means the operation of an aircraft over-the-top on an IFR flight plan when cleared by air traffic control to maintain "VFR conditions" or "VFR conditions on top".
• Indicated airspeed means the speed of an aircraft as shown on its pitot static airspeed indicator calibrated to reflect standard atmosphere adiabatic compressible flow at sea level uncorrected for airspeed system errors.
• Instrument means a device using an internal mechanism to show visually or aurally the attitude, altitude, or operation of an aircraft or aircraft part. It includes electronic devices for automatically controlling an aircraft in flight.
• Interstate air commerce means the carriage by aircraft of persons or property for compensation or hire, or the carriage of mail by aircraft, or the operation or navigation of aircraft in the conduct or furtherance of a business or vocation, in commerce between a place in any State of the United States, or the District of Columbia, and a place in any other State of the United States, or the District of Columbia; or between places in the same State of the United States through the airspace over any place outside thereof; or between places in the same territory or possession of the United States, or the District of Columbia.
• Interstate air transportation means the carriage by aircraft of persons or property as a common carrier for compensation or hire, or the carriage of mail by aircraft in commerce: <ol><li> Between a place in a State or the District of Columbia and another place in another State or the District of Columbia;<li> Between places in the same State through the airspace over any place outside that State; or <li> Between places in the same possession of the United States; Whether that commerce moves wholly by aircraft of partly by aircraft and partly by other forms of transportation.</ol>
• Intrastate air transportation means the carriage of persons or property as a common carrier for compensation or hire, by turbojet-powered aircraft capable of carrying thirty or more persons, wholly within the same State of the United States.
• Kite means a framework, covered with paper, cloth, metal, or other material, intended to be flown at the end of a rope or cable, and having as its only support the force of the wind moving past its surfaces.
• Landing gear extended speed means the maximum speed at which an aircraft can be safely flown with the landing gear extended.
• Landing gear operating speed means the maximum speed at which the landing gear can be safely extended or retracted.
• Large aircraft means aircraft of more than 12,500 pounds, maximum certificated takeoff weight.
• Lighter-than-air aircraft means aircraft that can rise and remain suspended by using contained gas weighing less than the air that is displaced by the gas.
• Load factor means the ratio of a specified load to the total weight of the aircraft. The specified load is expressed in terms of any of the following: aerodynamic forces, inertia forces, or ground or water reactions.
• Long-range communication system (LRCS) A system that uses satellite relay, data link, high frequency, or another approved communication system which extends beyond line of sight.
• Long-range navigation system (LRNS) An electronic navigation unit that is approved for use under instrument flight rules as a primary means of navigation, and has at least one source of navigational input, such as inertial navigation system, global positioning system, Omega/very low frequency, or Loran C.
• Mach number means the ratio of true airspeed to the speed of sound.
• Maintenance means inspection, overhaul, repair, preservation, and the replacement of parts, but excludes preventive maintenance.
• Major alteration means an alteration not listed in the aircraft, aircraft engine, or propeller specifications--<ol> <li> That might appreciably affect weight, balance, structural strength, performance, powerplant operation, flight characteristics, or other qualities affecting airworthiness; or <li> That is not done according to accepted practices or cannot be done by elementary operations.
• Major repair means a repair: <ol><li> That, if improperly done, might appreciably affect weight, balance, structural strength, performance, powerplant operation, flight characteristics, or other qualities affecting airworthiness; or <p><li> That is not done according to accepted practices or cannot be done by elementary operations.</ol>
• Manifold pressure means absolute pressure as measured at the appropriate point in the induction system and usually expressed in inches of mercury.
• Maximum speed for stability characteristics, V_FC/M_FC means a speed that may not be less than a speed midway between maximum operating limit speed (V_MO/ M_MO) and demonstrated flight diving speed (V_DF/M_DF), except that, for altitudes where the Mach number is the limiting factor, MFC need not exceed the Mach number at which effective speed warning occurs.
• Medical certificate means acceptable evidence of physical fitness on a form prescribed by the Administrator.
• Military operations area A military operations area (MOA) is airspace established outside Class A airspace to separate or segregate certain nonhazardous military activities from IFR Traffic and to identify for VFR traffic where theses activities are conducted.
• Minimum descent altitude means the lowest altitude, expressed in feet above mean sea level, to which descent is authorized on final approach or during circle-to-land maneuvering in execution of a standard instrument approach procedure, where no electronic glide slope is provided.
• Minor alteration means an alteration other than a major alteration.
• Minor repair means a repair other than a major repair.
• Navigable airspace means airspace at and above the minimum flight altitudes prescribed by or under this chapter, including airspace needed for safe takeoff and landing.
• Night means the time between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight, as published in the American Air Almanac, converted to local time.
• Nonprecision approach procedure means a standard instrument approach procedure in which no electronic glide slope is provided.
• Operate, with respect to aircraft, means use, cause to use or authorize to use aircraft, for the purpose (except as provided in Sec. 91.13 of this chapter) of air navigation including the piloting of aircraft, with or without the right of legal control (as owner, lessee, or otherwise).
• Operational control, with respect to a flight, means the exercise of authority over initiating, conducting or terminating a flight.
• Overseas air commerce means the carriage by aircraft of persons or property for compensation or hire, or the carriage of mail by aircraft, or the operation or navigation of aircraft in the conduct or furtherance of a business or vocation, in commerce between a place in any State of the United States, or the District of Columbia, and any place in a territory or possession of the United States; or between a place in a territory or possession of the United States, and a place in any other territory or possession of the United States.
• Overseas air transportation means the carriage by aircraft of persons or property as a common carrier for compensation or hire, or the carriage of mail by aircraft, in commerce: <ol><li> Between a place in a State or the District of Columbia and a place in a possession of the United States; or <li> Between a place in a possession of the United States and a place in another possession of the United States; whether that commerce moves wholly by aircraft or partly by aircraft and partly by other forms of transportation.</ol>
• Over-the-top means above the layer of clouds or other obscuring phenomena forming the ceiling.
• Parachute means a device used or intended to be used to retard the fall of a body or object through the air.
• Person means an individual, firm, partnership, corporation, company, association, joint-stock association, or governmental entity. It includes a trustee, receiver, assignee, or similar representative of any of them.
• Pilotage means navigation by visual reference to landmarks.
• Pilot in command means the person who: <ol><li> Has final authority and responsibility for the operation and safety of the flight; <li> Has been designated as pilot in command before or during the flight; and <li> Holds the appropriate category, class, and type rating, if appropriate, for the conduct of the flight.</ol>
• Pitch setting means the propeller blade setting as determined by the blade angle measured in a manner, and at a radius, specified by the instruction manual for the propeller.
• Positive control means control of all air traffic, within designated airspace, by air traffic control.
• Powered-lift means a heavier-than-air aircraft capable of vertical takeoff, vertical landing, and low speed flight that depends principally on engine- driven lift devices or engine thrust for lift during these flight regimes and on nonrotating airfoil(s) for lift during horizontal flight.
• Precision approach procedure means a standard instrument approach procedure in which an electronic glide slope is provided, such as ILS and PAR.
• Preventive maintenance means simple or minor preservation operations and the replacement of small standard parts not involving complex assembly operations.
• Prohibited area A prohibited area is airspace designated under part 73 within which no person may operate an aircraft without the permission of the using agency.
• Propeller means a device for propelling an aircraft that has blades on an engine-driven shaft and that, when rotated, produces by its action on the air, a thrust approximately perpendicular to its plane of rotation. It includes control components normally supplied by its manufacturer, but does not include main and auxiliary rotors or rotating airfoils of engines.
• Public aircraft means an aircraft used only for the United States Government, or owned and operated (except for commercial purposes), or exclusively leased for at least 90 continuous days, by a government (except the United States Government), including a State, the District of Columbia, or a territory or possession of the United States, or political subdivision of that government; but does not include a government-owned aircraft transporting property for commercial purposes, or transporting passengers other than transporting (for other than commercial purposes) crewmembers or other persons aboard the aircraft whose presence is required to perform, or is associated with the performance of, a governmental function such as firefighting, search and rescue, law enforcement, aeronautical research, or biological or geological resource management; or transporting (for other than commercial purposes) persons aboard the aircraft if the aircraft is operated by the Armed Forces or an intelligence agency of the United States. An aircraft described in the preceding sentence shall, notwithstanding any limitation relating to use of the aircraft for commercial purposes, be considered to be a public aircraft for the purposes of this Chapter without regard to whether the aircraft is operated by a unit of government on behalf of another unit of government, pursuant to a cost reimbursement agreement between such units of government, if the unit of government on whose behalf the operation is conducted certifies to the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration that the operation was necessary to respond to a significant and imminent threat to life or property (including natural resources) and that no service by a private operator was reasonably available to meet the threat.
• Rated continuous OEI power with respect to rotorcraft turbine engines, means the approved brake horsepower developed under static conditions at specified altitudes and temperatures within the operating limitations established for the engine under Part 33 of this chapter, and limited in use to the time required to complete the flight after the failure of one engine of a multiengine rotorcraft.
• Rated maximum continuous augmented thrust, with respect to turbojet engine type certification, means the approved jet thrust that is developed statically or in flight, in standard atmosphere at a specified altitude, with fluid injection or with the burning of fuel in a separate combustion chamber, within the engine operating limitations established under Part 33 of this chapter, and approved for unrestricted periods of use.
• Rated maximum continuous power, with respect to reciprocating, turbopropeller, and turboshaft engines, means the approved brake horsepower that is developed statically or in flight, in standard atmosphere at a specified altitude, within the engine operating limitations established under Part 33, and approved for unrestricted periods of use.
• Rated maximum continuous thrust, with respect to turbojet engine type certification, means the approved jet thrust that is developed statically or in flight, in standard atmosphere at a specified altitude, without fluid injection and without the burning of fuel in a separate combustion chamber, within the engine operating limitations established under Part 33 of this chapter, and approved for unrestricted periods of use.
• Rated takeoff augmented thrust, with respect to turbojet engine type certification, means the approved jet thrust that is developed statically under standard sea level conditions, with fluid injection or with the burning of fuel in a separate combustion chamber, within the engine operating limitations established under Part 33 of this chapter, and limited in use to periods of not over 5 minutes for takeoff operation.
• Rated takeoff power, with respect to reciprocating, turbopropeller, and turboshaft engine type certification, means the approved brake horsepower that is developed statically under standard sea level conditions, within the engine operating limitations established under Part 33, and limited in use to periods of not over 5 minutes for takeoff operation.
• Rated takeoff thrust, with respect to turbojet engine type certification, means the approved jet thrust that is developed statically under standard sea level conditions, without fluid injection and without the burning of fuel in a separate combustion chamber, within the engine operating limitations established under Part 33 of this chapter, and limited in use to periods of not over 5 minutes for takeoff operation.
• Rated 30-minute OEI power, with respect to rotorcraft turbine engines, means the approved brake horsepower developed under static conditions at specified altitudes and temperatures within the operating limitations established for the engine under Part 33 of this chapter, and limited in use to a period of not more than 30 minutes after the failure of one engine of a multiengine rotorcraft.
• Rated 2 1/2 -minute OEI power, with respect to rotorcraft turbine engines, means the approved brake horsepower developed under static conditions at specified altitudes and temperatures within the operating limitations established for the engine under Part 33 of this chapter, and limited in use to a period of not more than 2 1/2 minutes after the failure of one engine of a multiengine rotorcraft.
• Rated 30-second OEI power with respect to rotorcraft turbine engines, means the approved brake horsepower developed under static conditions at specified altitudes and temperatures within the operating limitations established for the engine under part 33 of this chapter, for continued one- flight operation after the failure of one engine in multiengine rotorcraft, limited to three periods of use no longer than 30 seconds each in any one flight, and followed by mandatory inspection and prescribed maintenance action.
• Rated 2-minute OEI power with respect to rotorcraft turbine engines, means the approved brake horsepower developed under static conditions at specified altitudes and temperatures within the operating limitations established for the engine under part 33 of this chapter, for continued one-flight operation after the failure of one engine in multiengine rotorcraft, limited to three periods of use no longer than 2 minutes each in any one flight, and followed by mandatory inspection and prescribed maintenance action.
• Rating means a statement that, as a part of a certificate, sets forth special conditions, privileges, or limitations.
• Reporting point means a geographical location in relation to which the position of an aircraft is reported.
• Restricted area A restricted area is airspace designated under Part 73 within which the flight of aircraft, while not wholly prohibited, is subject to restriction.
• RNAV way point (W/P) means a predetermined geographical position used for route or instrument approach definition or progress reporting purposes that is defined relative to a VORTAC station position.
• Rocket means an aircraft propelled by ejected expanding gases generated in the engine from self-contained propellants and not dependent on the intake of outside substances. It includes any part which becomes separated during the operation.
• Rotorcraft means a heavier-than-air aircraft that depends principally for its support in flight on the lift generated by one or more rotors.
• Rotorcraft-load combination means the combination of a rotorcraft and an external-load, including the external-load attaching means. Rotorcraft-load combinations are designated as Class A, Class B, Class C, and Class D, as follows:<ol><li> "Class A rotorcraft-load combination" means one in which the external load cannot move freely, cannot be jettisoned, and does not extend below the landing gear.<li> "Class B rotorcraft-load combination" means one in which the external load is jettisonable and is lifted free of land or water during the rotorcraft operation.<li> "Class C rotorcraft-load combination" means one in which the external load is jettisonable and remains in contact with land or water during the rotorcraft operation.<li> "Class D rotorcraft-load combination" means one in which the external- load is other than a Class A, B, or C and has been specifically approved by the Administrator for that operation.</ol>
• Route segment means a part of a route. Each end of that part is identified by:<ol><li> A continental or insular geographical location; or<li> A point at which a definite radio fix can be established.</ol>
• Sea level engine means a reciprocating aircraft engine having a rated takeoff power that is producible only at sea level.
• Second in command means a pilot who is designated to be second in command of an aircraft during flight time.
• Show, unless the context otherwise requires, means to show to the satisfaction of the Administrator.
• Small aircraft means aircraft of 12,500 pounds or less, maximum certificated takeoff weight.
• Special VFR conditions means meteorological conditions that are less than those required for basic VFR flight in controlled airspace and in which some aircraft are permitted fight under visual flight rules.
• Special VFR operations means aircraft operating in accordance with clearances within controlled airspace in meteorolgical conditions less than the basic VFR weather minima. Such operations must be requested by the pilot and approved by ATC.
• Standard atmosphere means the atmosphere defined in U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1962 (Geopotential altitude tables).
• Stopway means an area beyond the takeoff runway, no less wide than the runway and centered upon the extended centerline of the runway, able to support the airplane during an aborted takeoff, without causing structural damage to the airplane, and designated by the airport authorities for use in decelerating the airplane during an aborted takeoff.
• Takeoff power<ol><li> With respect to reciprocating engines, means the brake horsepower that is developed under standard sea level conditions, and under the maximum conditions of crankshaft rotational speed and engine manifold pressure approved for the normal takeoff, and limited in continuous use to the period of time shown in the approved engine specification; and <li> With respect to turbine engines, means the brake horsepower that is developed under static conditions at a specified altitude and atmospheric temperature, and under the maximum conditions of rotor shaft rotational speed and gas temperature approved for the normal takeoff, and limited in continuous use to the period of time shown in the approved engine specification. </ol>
• Takeoff safety speed means a referenced airspeed obtained after lift-off at which the required one-engine-inoperative climb performance can be achieved.
• Takeoff thrust, with respect to turbine engines, means the jet thrust that is developed under static conditions at a specific altitude and atmospheric temperature under the maximum conditions of rotorshaft rotational speed and gas temperature approved for the normal takeoff, and limited in continuous use to the period of time shown in the approved engine specification.
• Tandem wing configuration means a configuration having two wings of similar span, mounted in tandem.
• Time in service, with respect to maintenance time records, means the time from the moment an aircraft leaves the surface of the earth until it touches it at the next point of landing.
• True airspeed means the airspeed of an aircraft relative to undisturbed air. True airspeed is equal to equivalent airspeed multiplied by (<rho>0/<rho>)1/2.
• Traffic pattern means the traffic flow that is prescribed for aircraft landing at, taxiing on, or taking off from, an airport.
• Type<ol><li> As used with respect to the certification, ratings, privileges, and limitations of airmen, means a specific make and basic model of aircraft, including modifications thereto that do not change its handling or flight characteristics. Examples include: DC-7, 1049, and F-27; and<li> As used with respect to the certification of aircraft, means those aircraft which are similar in design. Examples include: DC-7 and DC-7C; 1049G and 1049H; and F-27 and F-27F.<li> As used with respect to the certification of aircraft engines means those engines which are similar in design. For example, JT8D and JT8D-7 are engines of the same type, and JT9D-3A and JT9D-7 are engines of the same type.</ol>
• United States, in a geographical sense, means <li> the States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the possessions, including the territorial waters, and <li> the airspace of those areas.
• United States air carrier means a citizen of the United States who undertakes directly by lease, or other arrangement, to engage in air transportation.
• VFR over-the-top, with respect to the operation of aircraft, means the operation of an aircraft over-the-top under VFR when it is not being operated on an IFR flight plan.
• Warning area A warning area is airspace of defined dimensions, extending from 3 nautical miles outward from the coast of the United States, that contains activity that may be hazardous to nonparticipating aircraft. The purpose of such warning areas is to warn nonparticipating pilots of the potential danger. A warning area may be located over domestic or international waters or both.
• Winglet or tip fin means an out-of-plane surface extending from a lifting surface. The surface may or may not have control surfaces.
• ALS means approach light system.
• CAT II means Category II.
• ILS means instrument landing system.
• IM means ILS inner marker.
• INT means intersection.
• LDA means localizer-type directional aid.
• LFR means low-frequency radio range.
• LMM means compass locator at middle marker.
• LOC means ILS localizer.
• LOM means compass locator at outer marker.
• M means mach number.
• MAA means maximum authorized IFR altitude.
• MALS means medium intensity approach light system.
• MALSR means medium intensity approach light system with runway alignment indicator lights.
• MCA means minimum crossing altitude.
• MDA means minimum descent altitude.
• MEA means minimum en route IFR altitude.
• MM means ILS middle marker.
• MOCA means minimum obstruction clearance altitude.
• MRA means minimum reception altitude.
• MSL means mean sea level.
• NDB(ADF) means nondirectional beacon (automatic direction finder).
• NOPT means no procedure turn required.
• OEI means one engine inoperative.
• OM means ILS outer marker.
• PAR means precision approach radar.
• RAIL means runway alignment indicator light system.
• RBN means radio beacon.
• RCLM means runway centerline marking.
• RCLS means runway centerline light system.
• REIL means runway end identification lights.
• RR means low or medium frequency radio range station.
• RVR means runway visual range as measured in the touchdown zone area.
• SALS means short approach light system.
• SSALS means simplified short approach light system.
• SSALSR means simplified short approach light system with runway alignment indicator lights.
• TACAN means ultra-high frequency tactical air navigational aid.
• TDZL means touchdown zone lights.
• TVOR means very high frequency terminal omnirange station.
• VA means design maneuvering speed.
• VB means design speed for maximum gust intensity.
• VC means design cruising speed.
• VD means design diving speed.
• VDF/MDF means demonstrated flight diving speed.
• VEF means the speed at which the critical engine is assumed to fail during takeoff.
• VF means design flap speed.
• VFC/MFC means maximum speed for stability characteristics.
• VFE means maximum flap extended speed.
• VH means maximum speed in level flight with maximum continuous power.
• VLE means maximum landing gear extended speed.
• VLO means maximum landing gear operating speed.
• VLOF means lift-off speed.
• VMC means minimum control speed with the critical engine inoperative.
• VMO/MMO means maximum operating limit speed.
• VMU means minimum unstick speed.
• VNE means never-exceed speed.
• VNO means maximum structural cruising speed.
• VR means rotation speed.

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