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Feature Article: FAR 91 aircraft equipment required Day
VFR minimum equipment: airspeed, altimeter, compass,
tachometer, fuel gauge, oil temperature, oil pressure, (gear
indicator and manifold pressure)
Night VFR minimum equipment: Position lights, beacon, power
source, and a flashlight. Class D airspace requires a radio while
Class C and B requires radio, and an encoding transponder.
Transponder required above 10,000' in TCA, in ARSA, and above
ARSA. FAR 91.413 requires the transponder to be checked and certified
within the preceding 24 calendar months.
Oxygen requirements change at 12,500, 13,000, and 14,000
High altitude checkout required to fly pressurized aircraft.
Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT) is required on all aircraft
with some exceptions. FAR 91.207. 50 nm training flights are
exempted. The ELT battery must be replaced after one hour of
use or on a date of expected half-life. The ELT must be placarded
and signed as to date of installation and the expiration dates
of this half-life. The logbooks also require a signature by an
Airframe & Power Plant (A&P) for this information. As
a pilot you must know where to find this information.
IFR flight has specific checks of VORs, altimeters, and static
systems.
Registration is required for legal ownership. The only way
to be sure of registration is to check with the FAA Aircraft
Registration Branch, in Oklahoma City. Every three years the
validity of this registration must be confirmed to the FAA. FAR
Part 47. This is a very neglected part of aircraft paper work.
Registration expires according to Advisory Circular 61-23B after
any of the following:
(1) Replaced by foreign registry
(2) Aircraft destroyed/scrapped
(3) Request to cancel
(4) Holder loses U.S. citizenship
(5) 30 days after death of holder
(6) Transfer of ownership
(7) Registration expires if owner leaves country for 6 months.
A waiver of this expiration can be obtained.
Placards or manuals must be in every aircraft, giving the
performance limitations of the aircraft not limited to maneuvering
speed, gross weight, prohibitions, and performance. Color-coded
markings on the instruments are part of the limitations. Color
codes on the airspeed indicator show never exceed speeds, normal
operating speeds, flap operating speeds, and turbulent air limitations.
The tachometer shows never exceed RPM, and sometimes ranges to
be avoided for continuous operations. Normally, you wouldn't
need a specific document, on file with the FAA, listing the operating
limitations for a specific model aircraft.
Weight and balance papers are specific to each aircraft and
must be available. Any subsequent items permanently affixed to
the aircraft must be added as weight and balance elements to
the papers. It is a violation of the FARs to operate an aircraft
in non-compliance of the operating limitations of the airworthiness
certificate. Some aircraft manuals (Mooney's) are required equipment.
Airframe and engine logbooks must show all maintenance performed.
Any aircraft used for instructional purposes must have 100-hour
inspections. All aircraft are required to have annual inspections.
Minor maintenance may be performed by other than a licensed mechanic.
It is a violation of the FARs to operate an aircraft in non-compliance
of the operating limitations of the airworthiness certificate.
The recommendations of manufacturer bulletins and the operating
handbook regarding maintenance should be followed. FAR 91.407
requires a flight check and aircraft sign-off for any maintenance
that changes flight characteristics. During the test you will
be expected to know the location, requirements, and terminology
of these logs as well as to explain the numbering system and
meaning of each column on the AD chart.
Go through both the airframe and engine logbooks and post-it
the last annual, inspection, the last 100-hour, the last ELT
entry, the last transponder entry, and any supplemental modifications
made.
Consider the CHECKLIST a required document.
Last Modified December 8, ©2025 TAGE.COM
